Capability of Penicillium oxalicum y2 to release phosphate from different insoluble phosphorus sources and soil
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Capability of Penicillium oxalicum y2 to release phosphate from different insoluble phosphorus sources and soil Junpeng Wang 1 & Yang-Guo Zhao 1,2
&
Farhana Maqbool 3
Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 2020
Abstract Due to insufficient amount of soluble phosphate and poor persistence of traditional chemical phosphate fertilizers in agricultural soils, the eco-friendly and sustainable phosphorus sources for crops are urgently required. The efficient phosphate-releasing fungal strain designated y2 was isolated and identified by the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA as Penicillium oxalicum y2. When lecithin, Ca3(PO4)2, or ground phosphate rock were separately used as sole phosphorus source, different phosphatereleasing modes were observed. The strain y2 was able to release as high as 2090 mg/L soluble phosphate within 12 days of incubation with Ca3(PO4)2 as sole phosphorus source. In the culture solution, high concentration of oxalic, citric, and malic acids and high phosphatase activity were detected. The organic acids contributed to solubilizing inorganic phosphate sources, while phosphatase was in charge of the mineralization of organic phosphorus lecithin. Afterwards, the fungus culture was applied to the soil with rape growing. During 50 days of incubation, the soil’s available phosphate concentration increased by three times compared with the control, the dry weight of rape increased by 78.73%, and the root length increased by 38.79%. The results illustrated that P. oxalicum y2 possessed both abilities of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus and mineralizing organic phosphorus, which have great potential application in providing biofertilizer for modern agriculture. Keywords Penicillium oxalicum . Inorganic phosphate solubilization . Organic phosphorus mineralization . Oxalic acid . Bioavailable phosphatase
Introduction Phosphorus is one of the most necessary macro-elements for growth and development of plants (Khan et al. 2010). Although phosphorus is abundant in soils in both organic and inorganic forms, only 0.1% of the total phosphorus is bioavailable to the plants in soluble forms (Zou et al. 1992). According to previous reports (Balemi and Negisho 2012; Vance et al. 2003), more than 40% of the world soils are deficient in phosphorus and the acid-weathered soils of tropical and subtropical regions are particularly subjected to
* Yang-Guo Zhao [email protected] 1
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
2
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
3
Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
phosphorus deficiency, which greatly restricted crop growth and yield. To meet crops’ nutritional requirements, chemical phosphorus fertilizer is commonly applied in soil. However, 80–90% of chemical phosphorus will be precipitated by metal-cation
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