Carbon materials with high pentagon density
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Carbon materials with high pentagon density Nooramalina Diana1, Yasuhiro Yamada2,* Shingo Kubo4, and Satoshi Sato2
, Syun Gohda2,3, Hironobu Ono3,
1
Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan 3 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd, 5-8 Nishiotabi, Suita, Osaka 564-0034, Japan 4 Research Support Center, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan 2
Received: 1 July 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 25 September 2020
Pentagons in carbon materials have attracted attentions because of the potential high chemical reactivity, band gap control, and electrochemical activity. However, it is challenging to prepare a carbon film with high pentagon density because of the curvature and the high reactivity caused by the presence of pentagons, and it is also challenging to estimate the percentage of pentagons in carbon materials because of the limitation of current analytical techniques. In this work, the percentage of pentagons in carbon materials was experimentally estimated for the first time using experimental and calculated C1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Carbon films with 7% of pentagons (40% of pentagons compared to the raw material) with electrical resistivity of 1.1 9 104 X meter were prepared by heat treatment of corannulene at 873 K. On the other hand, fluoranthene and fullerene remained as non-film solid and powder without forming films at 873 K. Experimental and calculated Raman and IR spectra revealed the peaks of different types of pentagons. Decrement of pentagons in corannulene and fluoranthene heated at high temperatures can be explained mainly by the scission of C=C bond in pentagons, as suggested by the results of reactive molecular dynamics simulation (ReaxFF).
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Handling Editor: Christopher Blanford. Nooramalina Diana and Yasuhiro Yamada contributed equally
Address correspondence to E-mail: [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05392-x
J Mater Sci
GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
Introduction Since the discovery of fullerene in 1985 [1] and the observation of carbon nanotube in 1991 [2], pentagons have attracted the greatest attention in the field of carbon materials. Since the groundbreaking research of graphene in 2004 [3, 4], researchers have developed a new generation of carbon materials to improve the performance of various applications by introducing defects such as pentagons, heptagons [5–7], zigzag and armchair edges [8–11], and functional groups [12, 13]. For example, it has been reported that carbon materials with pentagons and zigzag edges have high reactivity [5, 11, 14, 15], high activities for oxygen reduction reaction of fuel cell [15], and can be utilized to adjust band gaps of graphene nanoribbon [16]. It is also possible that the introduction of those defects has effect on the other applications and phenomena such as bioimaging and electromag
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