Carbonization of phloroglucinol promoted by heteropoly acids
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Carbonization of phloroglucinol promoted by heteropoly acids Syun Gohda1,2,*, Makoto Saito3, Yasuhiro Yamada2,* Hironobu Ono1, and Satoshi Sato2
, Shuhei Kanazawa2,
1
Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd, 5-8 Nishiotabi, Suita, Osaka 564-0034, Japan Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan 3 Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan 2
Received: 3 August 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 25 September 2020
Oxygen-containing carbon materials such as graphene oxide have been extensively studied because of their high dispersibility. However, the oxygen-containing functional groups in most carbon materials are not controlled. Uncontrollability of the synthesis is also one of factors that prevent industrialization. Carbon materials derived from phloroglucinol (PG), which show high solubility/dispersibility and controllability of functional groups, have been developed recently by our group. The high performance of carbonized PG originates from the thermally stable backbone structure of the benzene ring with hydroxy groups of PG. However, the degree of carbonization was low. In this study, five heteropoly acids (HPAs), which are thermally stable homogeneous strong acid catalysts, were used to promote carbonization of PG without losing the controllability of functional groups and the dispersibility. HPAs promoted etherification of hydroxy groups followed by C=C coupling reactions (furan cyclization) at 523 K. Furthermore, it was confirmed that particularly furan structures, which contribute to solubility/dispersibility in solvents, and thermal stability in air, could be maintained at 673 K as suggested by spectroscopies and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis. Among five HPAs, phosphotungstic acid worked as the excellent catalyst to promote carbonization of PG containing furan structures, exhibiting high solubility/dispersibility and high thermal stability in air.
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Handling Editor: Annela M. Seddon.
Address correspondence to E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05393-w
J Mater Sci
GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
Introduction Nanocarbon materials such as carbon nanotubes [1, 2] and graphene [3, 4] have been extensively studied for electrodes [5, 6], catalyst supports [7, 8] and sensors [9, 10] because of the small size, high specific surface area, and high electrical conductivity. However, these nanocarbon materials have high hydrophobicity and cohesiveness, causing difficulty to be dispersed uniformly in solvents and other materials such as polymers. In previous studies, dispersibility was achieved by adsorbing organic molecules or modifying the surface of non-dispersible nanocarbon materials [11, 12], but such modification may lower properties of nanocarbon materials. Graphene oxide has been developed as a material with high dispersibility [13]. Introduction of more oxygen-containing functional groups into graphene o
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