Fate of nutrients during hydrothermal carbonization of biogenic municipal waste
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fate of nutrients during hydrothermal carbonization of biogenic municipal waste Sadia Siddika Dima 1 & Assame Arnob 1 & Ummay Salma 1 & Kazi Bayzid Kabir 1
&
Kawnish Kirtania 1
Received: 13 June 2020 / Revised: 26 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The biogenic fraction of municipal solid waste is rich in various inorganic nutrients along with the organic content and imposes environmental threats in the absence of proper disposal techniques. To valorize the highly wet biogenic municipal waste (BMW), hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can be an effective low-temperature treatment method. The knowledge on the distribution of the nutrients in the product phases after HTC can improve processing of BMW for minimizing environmental impacts and enabling nutrient recovery. This study aims to investigate the segregation of the inorganic nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium) in the hydrochar and liquid product from HTC of BMW. Experiments were performed by varying reaction temperature (190, 220, and 250 °C) and reaction time (30, 60, and 90 min) at a constant feed-to-water ratio to observe the effects of reaction conditions. Majority of the sodium (> 93%) and potassium (> 96%) were transferred to the liquid after HTC irrespective of the reaction condition. Calcium (> 50%), phosphorus (> 91%), and nitrogen (> 26%) remained mainly in the hydrochar. Multivariate analysis on the variables under consideration showed that the fate of phosphorus and nitrogen was affected by the reaction conditions remarkably. The fate of potassium, sodium, and calcium was found to be less dependent on the reaction conditions. By optimizing the reaction conditions, both liquid phase and hydrochar obtained from HTC of BMW could be potential sources of plant nutrients. Keywords Hydrothermal carbonization . Biogenic waste . Plant nutrient . Principal component analysis . Municipal waste valorization
1 Introduction Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is rapidly increasing throughout the world with the increase in population, urbanization, economic development, and improvement in standard Highlights • Segregation of nutrients during HTC of biogenic municipal waste • Evaluation of dependence of fate of nutrients on reaction conditions • K (> 96 %), Na (> 93 %) remain mainly in the liquid and N, P, Ca in the hydrochar • Fate of N, P is highly dependent on reaction conditions • Correlation among the variables using principal component analysis Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01016-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kawnish Kirtania [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
of living [1]. At present, around 2 billion tons of MSW is generated per year all over the world, and the value is pre
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