Carotid Artery Stenting: The Basics

Over the past three decades, carotid artery stenting has evolved to become a promising and viable alternative to carotid endarterectomy, especially for patients deemed to have high surgical risks. In Carotid Artery Stenting: The Basics, Jacqueline Saw and

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CONTEMPORARY CARDIOLOGY CHRISTOPHER P. CANNON, MD SERIES EDITOR

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7677

CAROTID ARTERY STENTING: THE BASICS Edited by

JACQUELINE SAW University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Editor Jacqueline Saw, MD, FRCPC Clinical Assistant Professor University of British Columbia Vancouver General Hospital Vancouver, BC, Canada [email protected] Series Editor Christopher P. Cannon

ISBN 978-1-60327-313-8 e-ISBN 978-1-60327-314-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-314-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009921124 # Humana Press, a part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover illustration: Figure 17D in Chapter 11 Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

To my family for their love, support, and understanding: my parents Juliana and Nicholas, my husband David, and our son and daughter, Evan and Kate. And to the members of the Division of Cardiology at Vancouver General Hospital, for their enduring guidance and mentorship.

PREFACE Carotid artery stenting has evolved remarkably over the past three decades to become a promising alternative to carotid endarterectomy, especially for patients deemed to have high surgical risks. Several crucial developments have enabled carotid stenting to be performed safely and achieve durable effectiveness in stroke prevention. The key advancements comprise technological innovations, improvement in operator skills and experience, and optimization of patient selection. Modern-day carotid stenting is performed with dedicated carotid self-expanding stents and emboli protection devices, with several FDA-approved platforms that are currently available for use. Nevertheless, despite utilizing the best equipment, carotid stenting can be challenging in unsuitable complex patients with difficult anatomy, and may result in catastrophic cerebral complications. Thus, the vital roles of the interventionist as a gatekeeper in patient selection, and as a meticu