Case Studies on the Comparison of (Lightweight) Electric Vehicles with Conventional and Reference Electric Vehicles
This chapter shows the application of the concept developed in Chap. 4 . It is divided into two parts. First, the comparative assertion of conventional vehicles and EVs is conducted. Second, the comparison of a LEV with a reference EV is presented.
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Case Studies on the Comparison of (Lightweight) Electric Vehicles with Conventional and Reference Electric Vehicles
This chapter shows the application of the concept developed in Chap. 4. It is divided into two parts. First, the comparative assertion of conventional vehicles and EVs is conducted. Second, the comparison of a LEV with a reference EV is presented. Following the collection of data and presentation of results, findings are presented of each part. The aim of the case studies is to show how the developed concept can be used for the environmental analysis of (L)EVs under different terms of use (i.e. regional ambient conditions and use patterns) and how this enables to identify hotspots and derive recommendations for future research and development of LEVs for manufacturers and political decision makers.
5.1
Comparison of Electric Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles
In their study Hawkins et al. (2013a, b) compare conventional vehicles (diesel and gasoline) and EVs (one with a lithium nickel cobalt manganese and one with a lithium iron phosphate battery) and provide comprehensive supporting information on their LCI and results. These results are provided for a large number of impact categories.1 To the author’s best knowledge this study presents the most detailed LCI of EVs (see Sect. 3.2.2). The use phase is described by an average value. Hence, it is well suited to conduct an extended analysis of the use phase. Therefore, it is selected as a foundation to test the concept described in Chap. 4. This case study uses the supporting information provided by Hawkins et al. (2013b) for the production and end-of-life phase as well as the non-fuel or energy related part of the use phase. The use phase is then modelled based on the procedure presented in Sect. 4.4.1. 1
See Sect. 3.1.2 for a more detailed description of the study.
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 P. Egede, Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles, Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40277-2_5
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5.1.1
Data Collection and Results
To conduct the comparison of EVs and conventional vehicles, it is necessary to calculate the environmental impact for each life cycle phase. The required data for the production and end-of-life phase is taken from Hawkins et al. (2013b) as described in Table 5.1. The production processes include the production of the base vehicle, the engine/motor, the remaining power train and the battery. The non-fuel/energy related part of the use phase covers emissions like the abrasion of the rubber tires. The end-of-life covers recycling and disposal processes. For the fuel/energy-related use phase the following information is necessary: the basic energy consumption, the energy consumption for heating and cooling, the total driving distance and the environmental impact of the energy/fuel. The modelling from Sect. 4.4.1 is used to determine the energy consumption for he
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