Case Study: Jamaica Bay Fringing Vegetation: Restoring Upland Habitats at an Urban Shoreline
Sea level rise will cause many habitats near the water to be inundated by tides and increased storm surges. At Jamaica Bay, NY, a road and bridge construction project gave the opportunity to improve the vegetation by eliminating invasive non-native plant
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Coastal Change, Ocean Conservation and Resilient Communities
Coastal Change, Ocean Conservation and Resilient Communities
Marcha Johnson Amanda Bayley •
Editors
Coastal Change, Ocean Conservation and Resilient Communities
123
Editors Marcha Johnson ASLA Brooklyn, NY USA
ISBN 978-3-319-41913-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41914-5
Amanda Bayley ASLA Croton-on-Hudson, NY USA
ISBN 978-3-319-41914-5
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953302 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
The word “adaptation” is frequently mentioned in the scientific, engineering and planning literature, but is subject to many interpretations. The simple definition of adaptation as modification to meet new conditions does not indicate how this modification will be done or should be done. Actions to adapt to natural processes can accommodate or resist these processes. In the distant past, adaptation to coastal hazards occurred by abandoning infrastructure and retreating from the coast. We could compliment our ancestors on their wise decisions to remove themselves from hazards in this way, but frankly, retreat was their only option, given the power of the sea, the limited numbers of people living at the open coast and the lack of technology, economic incentive and political will to protect them. Conditions have changed greatly. Much of the coastline in many countries is densely populated and developed with buildings and transportation routes or protected by static structures. More people are moving to the coast than leaving it, and more of the coast is being converted from natural environments to human artifacts. Recent studies have identified the need to adapt to climate change by modifying human vulnerab
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