Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Castor Oil Using Glycerol-Based Reaction

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Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Castor Oil Using Glycerol‑Based Reaction Umi Syahirah Binti Mohd Amin1 · Noridah B. Osman1 · Yoshimitsu Uemura1 · Nik Muhammad Nik Ab. Majid2 Received: 26 September 2019 / Accepted: 7 March 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract  A catalytic transfer hydrogenation of castor oil using glycerol-based is a process of adding hydrogen to the castor oil to produce hydrogenated castor oil with the addition of 10% Pd/C as the catalyst and glycerol as a hydrogen donor. The reaction occurred at the reaction temperature of 178 °C for an hour. To prove whether glycerol can be one of the hydrogen donors like limonene that is commonly used, the research started by using pure glycerol as the hydrogen donor and as a control to determine the protocol. A direct heating apparatus connected with a reflux system was used for this experiment. The result from FTIR along with the melting point shows the formation of hydrogenated castor oil from this reaction. The increment in melting point value and the absence of C=C peak (1655.79 cm−1) from FTIR spectrum shows that the catalytic transfer hydrogenation successfully occurred. The melting point of the hydrogenated castor oil is 65 °C and the melting point of castor oil is − 7 °C. Therefore, it was proven that, the glycerol can be used as the hydrogen donor for the castor oil for a catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction. Graphic abstract

Keywords  Castor oil · Catalytic transfer hydrogenation · Crude glycerol · Glycerol-based hydrogen donor · Hydrogenated castor oil * Noridah B. Osman [email protected] 1



HICOE‑Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self‑Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia



Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia

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Statement of Novelty The novelty of the current study is the application of crude and refined glycerol as hydrogen donors in the production of hydrogenated castor oil. Crude glycerol obtained as byproduct of biodiesel production and refined glycerol were successfully utilized as hydrogen-donor in place of more

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expensive conventional donors used in the process. Furthermore, the study helps to establish the feasibility of utilizing the plentiful glycerol generated from production of biodiesel. This research is significant since it has been able to produce saturated hydrocarbon with the aid of glycerol which has previously been carried out only been carried out using more expensive catalysts. This research is also able to employ a waste product and turn it into useful chemical reagent for castor oil hydrogenation.

Introduction Castor oil is a non-edible vegetable oil extracted from castor seed, also known as Ricinus communis [1–3]. Castor bean plant comes from the family of Euphorbiaceae and can produce around 40 to 50% oil when cold-pressing method of extraction is used [2]. Nowadays, castor oil

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