Cattle Recognition: A New Frontier in Visual Animal Biometrics Research
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Cattle Recognition: A New Frontier in Visual Animal Biometrics Research Santosh Kumar1
•
Sanjay Kumar Singh2
Received: 8 November 2016 / Revised: 3 January 2019 / Accepted: 16 April 2019 The National Academy of Sciences, India 2019
Abstract Visual animal biometrics is an emerging research field of computer vision, pattern recognition, and cognitive science. Recently, cattle recognition has played a significant role in understanding, controlling and the outbreak of critical diseases, vaccination, production management, traceability, and ownership assignment of a livestock animal. The traditional animal recognition methodologies, such as ear-tagging, freeze-branding, eartattoos, embedded microchips, ear tips or notches-based, and electrical-based marking approaches, have been applied to recognize individual livestock animal. However, standard animal recognition procedures are invasive. The performance of conventional methods is not good due to their vulnerability to losses, easy duplication, and fraud of embedded tag number. These are major security issues and challenges for the identification of cattle throughout the world. Visual animal biometric systems are gaining more proliferations due to widespread applications to recognize individual cattle based on their primary biometric muzzle point image characteristics. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of cattle recognition and tracking from non-biometric recognition approaches (classical animal recognition methods) to visual animal biometric systems using muzzle point image pattern along with
& Santosh Kumar [email protected] Sanjay Kumar Singh [email protected] 1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr.SPM IIIT, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493661, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U), Varanasi 221005, India
measurements and interpretations based on current stateof-the-art methods. Moreover, this paper demonstrates the basic deployment of the animal biometric system to uniquely identify the animals using their biometric characteristics. This study can hopefully encourage new multidisciplinary researchers and scientists to provide excellent efforts for the designing and development of adequate algorithms for solving the classification and recognition problems. The literature review is followed by the presentation of references for more details, incorporating applications and current trends. Keywords Visual animal biometrics Muzzle point Cattle recognition Cognitive Science Computer vision Pattern recognition Phenotypic Classification PCA LDA ICA LBP SIFT Feature extraction
1 Introduction Visual animal biometrics received attention recently [1]. It has gained more proliferation due to a vast plethora of efficient and quantified methodologies for detecting and representing the different visual appearances of species, identification of animal or species based on visual features and phenotypic appearances [
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