Causes, characterization, damage models, and constitutive modes for rock damage analysis: a review
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REVIEW PAPER
Causes, characterization, damage models, and constitutive modes for rock damage analysis: a review Zulkifl Ahmed 1 & Shuhong Wang 1 & Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi 2 & Zhang Zishan 1 & Zhu Chengjin 1 Received: 16 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract The analysis of damage process and the characterization of damaged rock masses through numerical models are the most difficult and challenging tasks in geotechnical engineering. This review paper describes and collects information regarding the causes of damage in the rocks and damage models (constitutive and hybrid damage models) for rock damage analysis. The main objective of this review is to discuss the causes of damage process, characterization, constitutive modes, and impact of natural changes on the selection of damage model. The review suggests that releasable strain energy, crack propagation and coalescence, joints, natural changes, and engineering disturbance are the main causes of rock fracture and damage. Most studies showed that a wider range of rock mass characterization will be required to create an ideal numerical model due to the rock reality, inelasticity, fractures, anisotropy, and inhomogeneity. Hybrid models are more efficient computationally as compared with the constitutive models. The review concludes that numerical models are also applicable tools to understand damage scale, damage degree and type, damage location, and damage occurrence time in the rocks. Keywords Strain energy . Natural changes . Crack coalescence . Constitutive modes . Rock characterization . Hybrid model
Introduction In the rock damage process, the mechanical properties of the rocks are continuously diminished due to the natural changes. Several phenomena and processes could contribute in the damage of rocks, for example, integrity loss in the rock masses. Rock integrity loss and failure are energy dissipation phenomena (Zhang et al. 1999), and the strain energy releases during the failure process of rocks which causes damage or Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05755-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Zulkifl Ahmed [email protected] * Shuhong Wang [email protected] 1
School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
2
Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
fracture (Solecki and Conant 2003). Sometimes, damage and bed separation develop because of water pressure and gas outburst in a magmatic rock which results in the breakdown of the parent rock. The geological defect, goaf collapse, mining engineering, rock burst, and landslide mechanism are also key factors of damage in the rock masses. The processes such as the exhumation of radioactive mineral, seismicity, coupling water, hydraulic fracture growth, and joint propagation could cause damage in the jointed rocks and rock s
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