Cavitation in Rubber Vulcanizates Subjected to Constrained Tensile Deformation
The deformation and failure behavior of rubbers is significantly influenced by the chemical composition and loading conditions. Investigations on how specific loading parameters affect the mechanical behavior of rubbers are elementary for designing elasto
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Cavitation in Rubber Vulcanizates Subjected to Constrained Tensile Deformation E. Euchler, R. Bernhardt, K. Schneider, G. Heinrich, T. Tada, S. Wießner, and M. Stommel
Contents 1 Introduction and State of the Art 2 Preliminary Numerical Investigations on Strain Constraints 3 Experimental 3.1 Materials and Specimens 3.2 Advanced Experiments
E. Euchler (*), R. Bernhardt, and K. Schneider Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Institute of Polymer Materials, Department of Mechanics and Composite Materials, Dresden, Germany e-mail: [email protected] G. Heinrich Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Institute of Polymer Materials, Dresden, Germany Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, Chair of Textile Technology, Dresden, Germany T. Tada Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., Material Research & Development HQ, Kobe, Japan S. Wießner Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Institute of Polymer Materials, Research Division Elastomers, Dresden, Germany Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Material Science, Chair of Elastomeric Materials, Dresden, Germany M. Stommel (*) Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Institute of Polymer Materials, Dresden, Germany Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Material Science, Chair of Polymer Materials, Dresden, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
E. Euchler et al. 4 Cavitation in Unfilled Rubbers 4.1 Cavitation Affected by the Shape Factor 4.2 Determination of the Cavitation Onset 4.3 Nucleation of First Cavities 4.4 Cavity Evolution with Increasing Strain 5 Cavitation in Carbon Black Reinforced Rubbers 6 Discussion on Cavitation Onset Criterions 7 Conclusion and Summary References
Abstract The deformation and failure behavior of rubbers is significantly influenced by the chemical composition and loading conditions. Investigations on how specific loading parameters affect the mechanical behavior of rubbers are elementary for designing elastomeric products. Suitable fracture mechanical concepts describing the failure behavior of rubbers are widely accepted in industrial and academic research. However, the most common failure analyses base on macroscopic approaches which do not consider microscopic damage, although a contribution of (micro)structural changes at the network scale on the overall mechanical properties is very likely. A special phenomenon in terms of microstructural failure is cavitation due to strain constraints. Under geometrical constraints, the lateral contraction is suppressed. As a result, stress triaxiality causes inhomogeneous deformation, and internal defects, so-called cavities, appear. The formation and growth of cavities release stress and reduce the degree of constraints. Cavitation in rubbers has been studied for several decades, but the knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms triggering this process is still very limited. The present study aimed to characterize and describe cavitation in rubbers comprehensively. Hence, advanced experimental techniques, such as dilatometry and micro
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