Cavitation Micro-mechanisms in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Upon Fatigue and Cyclic Tensile Testing
A multiscale approach was proposed to investigate cavitation micro-mechanisms developing in silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber exposed to fatigue and cyclic tensile testing. At the macro-/mesoscopic scale, a decrease in load amplitude observed in fati
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Cavitation Micro-mechanisms in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Upon Fatigue and Cyclic Tensile Testing C. E. Federico, H. R. Padmanathan, O. Kotecky, R. Rommel, G. Rauchs, Y. Fleming, F. Addiego, and S. Westermann
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mechanical Testing 2.3 Structural Characterization 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Material Initial Structure and Properties 3.2 Fatigue-Induced Cavitation Micro-mechanisms 3.3 Cyclic Tension-Induced Cavitation Micro-mechanisms 4 Conclusions References
C. E. Federico, G. Rauchs, F. Addiego, and S. Westermann (*) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Materials Research and Technology, Hautcharage, Luxembourg e-mail: [email protected] H. R. Padmanathan Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Materials Research and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg O. Kotecky and R. Rommel Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg Y. Fleming Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Materials Research and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
C. E. Federico et al.
Abstract A multiscale approach was proposed to investigate cavitation micromechanisms developing in silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber exposed to fatigue and cyclic tensile testing. At the macro-/mesoscopic scale, a decrease in load amplitude observed in fatigue was corroborated with cavitation micro-mechanisms initiated by silica agglomerate-rubber debonding and silica agglomerate breakdown. In the case of cyclic tensile testing, a gradual decrease of Poisson’s ratio was correlated at the microscopic scale by similar cavitation micro-mechanisms than in fatigue. Both fatigue and cyclic tensile behaviors were considerably affected by an applied thermal treatment of the compound enhancing cavitation (especially agglomerate breakdown). Keyword Cavitation · Fatigue · Filled rubber · Filler agglomerate · Tension · Thermal treatment
1 Introduction The identification and understanding of crack mechanisms are of fundamental interest to maximize rubber material fatigue life by tuning and/or optimizing material composition, processing, and design. In general, fatigue-induced cracking can be regarded as a result of two successive mechanisms that are crack initiation and crack propagation [1, 2]. In rubber materials, approaches to predict crack propagation have been developed and intensively used, while such approaches for crack initiation have received less attention [1]. This is due to the complexity of the rubbers’ mechanical behavior (viscoelasticity [3], strain hardening [4], Mullins [5, 6], and Payne effects [7, 8]) and their composition with multiple chemical components and several additives dispersed within the rubber matrix (e.g., presence of filler agglomerates and even filler networks). It is generally admitted that a crack is initiated by cavitation defined as the process of void nucleation under a given stress state [2]. Voids initially have a spherical shape of nanometer size [9]. With an inc
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