Ce/Sm co-doped hydroxyapatites: synthesis, characterization, and band structure calculation
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RESEARCH
Ce/Sm co-doped hydroxyapatites: synthesis, characterization, and band structure calculation Omer Kaygili 1 & Gülay Vural 1 & Serhat Keser 2 & I. S. Yahia 3,4 & Niyazi Bulut 1 & Tankut Ates 5 & Suleyman Koytepe 6 & Mehmet Mursit Temuz 2 & Filiz Ercan 7 & Turan İnce 1 Received: 28 July 2020 / Revised: 30 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 November 2020 # Australian Ceramic Society 2020
Abstract In this paper, Ce/Sm co-doped hydroxyapatites (HAps) were synthesized by a wet chemical route. The amount of Ce was kept at constant at the value of at.% 0.4, and the second dopant of Sm was used at different amounts of at.% 0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8, respectively. The effects of these co-dopants on the crystal structure, morphology, and thermal properties of HAp were determined experimentally using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the band structure of the prepared samples was modeled theoretically using the quantum calculations of the density of states and band structure. A gradual increase from 26.56 to 36.23 nm in the crystallite size was observed. Although the amounts of the co-dopants of Ce and Sm did not affect the thermal stability and microstructure of HAp, its crystal structure-related parameters were affected by the amount of these co-additives. The partial substitution of both co-dopants was detected. The 0.4Ce-1.2Sm-HAp sample may be considered as the best crystal structure with a steady-state. It was seen that the band structure and density of states were also affected by these co-dopants. The bandgap value decreased gradually from 4.6078 to 4.0477 eV due to these dopants. Keywords Hydroxyapatite . Wet chemical method . Band structure . Density of states (DOS) . X-ray diffraction (XRD) . Morphology
Introduction Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), which is a bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive material, is the major constituent of the hard tissues (bone and teeth) of mammals. It has been also used in various medical applications due to its excellent biological properties [1–3]. Moreover, there are countless research papers related to HAp in the literature. There are a lot of ways to synthesize HAp. Some of them are the sol-gel route,
solid-state reactions, spray pyrolysis, combustion method, mechanochemical route, microemulsion, microwave, and wet chemical route [4, 5]. Among these preparation techniques, the wet chemical method is a facile method for preparing the HAp samples, having low cost and high purity, at low reaction temperatures (< 100 °C) [6]. Many researchers have tried to improve the characteristic properties of HAp using the dopant(s). Many of the elements in the periodical table were used and still being used as the dopant for HAp [7–10].
* Omer Kaygili [email protected]
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Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Physics
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