Cell-Based Therapy for Severe COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Trials and Cost-Utility
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Cell-Based Therapy for Severe COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Trials and Cost-Utility Ali Golchin 1,2 Accepted: 24 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The race among countries and companies to develop efficacious vaccines and therapeutics for the COVID-19 is ongoing fast, with many trials underway. Among this, cell-based therapy is focused on moderate to severe phases of COVID-19, and there have been promising outcomes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their pro/anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory behavior, Natural Killer (NK) cells thanks to their capacity of lysing virus-infected cells and regulate the resulting immune response, Dendritic cells thanks to immunotherapy and cell-based vaccine engineering, SARS-CoV2-specific T cells due to stimulate and promote the immune system and MSC-derived exosomes because of cell-free therapy and beneficial manufacturing aspects, hold great promises for cell-based therapy applications for treating COVID-19 and similar viral infections. Moreover, recently, an innovative approach to COVID-19 based on engineered human MSC has been introduced, which is continuously evacuated and degraded by the body’s immune system during the antigen recognition process. However, the economic situation of governments and nations, and the cost of therapeutics influence the clinical approaches to manage and exit from this pandemic. This summary describes cell-based clinical trials and the cost-utility aspects of cell therapy. In this regard, limited clinical studies have been reported; while, several clinical trials have been approved for starting phases 2 and 3 of their trials for treating COVID19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Regarding the cost of cell therapy, many believe that the high cost of cellbased therapy will decrease substantially. Hence, there are hopes that cellular therapy can be approved soon for the treatment of viral diseases such as COVID-19. Keywords COVID-19 . Cell-based therapy . Stem cell . Clinical trials . Cost
Introduction The philosophy of cell-based therapy has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine towards the natural physiological processes. Currently, several cell-based therapy approaches are undergoing clinical trials to reach an approved therapeutic of COVID-19. So far, stem cells, Natural killer (NK), Dendritic cells (DN), and exosomes are the leading candidates of possible
This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Special Issue on COVID19 Pandemic and Stem Cells Guest Editor: Mariusz Z. Ratajczak * Ali Golchin [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
2
Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Urmia, Iran
therapeutics for COVID-19 treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their pro/anti-inflammatory and immunemodulatory behavior [1], Natural Killer (NK) cells d
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