Cellular effects of manufactured nanoparticles: effect of adsorption ability of nanoparticles
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Cellular effects of manufactured nanoparticles: effect of adsorption ability of nanoparticles Masanori Horie • Haruhisa Kato • Hitoshi Iwahashi
Received: 3 February 2013 / Accepted: 28 February 2013 / Published online: 16 March 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Nanoparticles are important industrial materials. However, many nanoparticles show biological effects, including toxic activity. Metal ion release is the most important factor affecting the biological effects of nanoparticles. In addition, nanoparticles have large adsorption ability. The adsorption ability, in particular protein adsorption to nanoparticles, has an effect on cellular uptake and cellular metabolisms. Moreover, the adsorption ability of nanoparticles causes artificial effects in in vitro systems. Consequently, accurate determination of released or secreted proteins such as lactate dehydrogenase and cytokines adsorbed to nanoparticles is affected. In addition, artificial effects cause overestimation or underestimation of the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Therefore, measurement of the protein adsorption of nanoparticles is important. Some methods for the determination of the adsorption to nanoparticles have been suggested. The flow field-flow fractionation method is one of the efficient techniques for determining proteins on the surface of nanoparticles. The cellular effects caused by nanoparticles should be carefully considered.
M. Horie (&) Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan e-mail: [email protected] H. Kato National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan H. Iwahashi Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
Keywords Protein adsorption Nanoparticle Cellular uptake Zeta potential Flow field-flow fractionation
Introduction: What happens to a cell exposed to nanoparticles? A ‘‘nanoparticle’’ is defined as a particle whose diameter ranges from 1 to 100 nm (ISO/TS 27678:2008). In general, compared with sub-micro- and microparticles, nanoparticles have a large specific surface area and show characteristic physical and chemical properties such as high catalytic activity and broad absorbance spectrum. These characteristic properties are useful in industry and life science applications. Now, many kinds of nanoparticles are commercially produced and used as industrial products, for example, as sunscreens, cosmetics, and fuel additives. In addition, some nanoparticles are studied as novel functional materials, for example, in nanomedicine. On the other hand, it is suggested that the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles also cause characteristic biological effects. Even if nanoparticles are promising materials, the market will refuse using them if there is no risk assessment. For the beneficial use of nanoparticles, a better understanding of the biological effects caused
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