Cellular immunotherapy: a clinical state-of-the-art of a new paradigm for cancer treatment
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Cellular immunotherapy: a clinical state‑of‑the‑art of a new paradigm for cancer treatment Á. Rodríguez Pérez1,2 · D. Campillo‑Davo3 · V. F. I. Van Tendeloo3 · D. Benítez‑Ribas4 Received: 3 November 2019 / Accepted: 19 March 2020 © Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO) 2020
Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has opened a new chapter in Medical Oncology. Many novel therapies are under clinical testing and some have already been approved and implemented in cancer treatment protocols. In particular, cellular immunotherapies take advantage of the antitumor capabilities of the immune system. From dendritic cell-based vaccines to treatments centered on genetically engineered T cells, this form of personalized cancer therapy has taken the field by storm. They commonly share the ex vivo genetic modification of the patient’s immune cells to generate or induce tumor antigen-specific immune responses. The latest clinical trials and translational research have shed light on its clinical effectiveness as well as on the mechanisms behind targeting specific antigens or unique tumor alterations. This review gives an overview of the clinical developments in immune cell-based technologies predominantly for solid tumors and on how the latest discoveries are being incorporated within the standard of care. Keywords Cellular immunotherapy · Cancer · Adoptive T cell therapy · Dendritic cell vaccination · Chimeric antigen receptor · Solid tumors · Engineered T cells
Introduction The field of cancer immunotherapy has opened new opportunities for the treatment of cancer patients. The development of new strategies, center on unleashing the breaks of the immune system to attack tumor cells. All these efforts have produced excellent results in preclinical and clinical studies Á. Rodríguez Pérez and D. Campillo-Davo contributed equally to this work. * D. Benítez‑Ribas [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Oncology‑CELLEX, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
2
Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital “Fundación Jiménez Díaz”, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
3
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
4
Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Carrer Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona, Spain
for multiple types of malignancies [1], which have led to the recent approval of some of these therapies by regulatory agencies. One of the most promising types of therapies is the ex vivo modification and transfer of immune cells to either induce the activation of the patient’s immune system or to redirect their specificity towards a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) [2]. Generally, TAAs are proteins that are only found in tumors or that are aberrantly expressed in tumors compared to healthy tissues [3]. This fact makes them an attractive tool to specifically
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