Cellulose dissolution and regeneration using a non-aqueous, non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquid system
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Cellulose dissolution and regeneration using a non-aqueous, non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquid system Laura Berga . Isobel Bruce . Thomas W. J. Nicol . Ashley J. Holding . Noriyuki Isobe . Seishi Shimizu . Adam J. Walker . Joshua E. S. J. Reid
Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The solubility of cellulose has been studied as a function of composition in the binary mixture of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine and propionic acid. In amine-rich compositions, greater quantities of cellulose can be dissolved than in the equimolar composition, a.k.a. the protic ionic liquid [TMGH][OPr]. By applying a methodology of a short period of heating followed by cooling, similar concentrations of cellulose can be achieved in a much shorter time period. Finally, regeneration of cellulose from solution can be
achieved by altering the acid:amine molar ratio. In comparison to cellulose regenerated from these solutions using water as an antisolvent, cellulose regenerated with propionic acid exhibit a lower crystallinity as inferred from x-ray diffractometry, but a greater average molecular weight as inferred from gel permeation chromatography. Keywords Cellulose Solubility Protic ionic liquids Binary mixtures Solvent effects XRD
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03444-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L. Berga I. Bruce T. W. J. Nicol S. Shimizu J. E. S. J. Reid (&) York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK e-mail: [email protected] L. Berga A. J. Holding A. J. Walker J. E. S. J. Reid Worn Again Technologies Ltd, BioCity Nottingham, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
N. Isobe Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan J. E. S. J. Reid School of Biosciences – Microbiology, Brewing & Biotechnology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, UK
L. Berga A. J. Walker J. E. S. J. Reid Bioniqs Ltd, BioCity Nottingham, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK A. J. Holding Circular Material Solutions Ltd, Lynstock way, Bolton BL6 4SG, UK
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Cellulose
Introduction Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of materials broadly described as salts which have melting points below 100 °C (Plechkova and Seddon 2008; Hallett and Welton 2011; Austen Angell et al. 2012; Greaves and Drummond 2015). By varying the anion and cation structure, a wide range of properties can be obtained which have led to a number of different applications. Of particular interest is their use as solvents for cellulose processing, as they have been demonstrated to readily dissolve high concentrations of cellulose (Swatloski et al. 2002; Kosan et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2012; Verma et al. 2019). Of
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