Ionic liquid assisted the extraction of cellulose from de-oiled Calophyllum inophyllum cake and its characterization
- PDF / 1,996,310 Bytes
- 7 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 70 Downloads / 180 Views
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ionic liquid assisted the extraction of cellulose from de-oiled Calophyllum inophyllum cake and its characterization V. Vishal Malolan 1 & C. Trilokesh 1 & Kiran Babu Uppuluri 1
&
A. Arumugam 1
Received: 23 June 2020 / Revised: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present work reports the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM] Cl, assisted extraction, and characterization of cellulose from the Calophyllum inophyllum de-oiled cake. The yield of the cellulose from the ionic liquid extraction was approximately 23.81 ± 1.72% w/w of the de-oiled cake, which is almost equal to any other fractionation. SEM imaging revealed the swollen nature of cellulose fibers. The results of FTIR affirmed the presence of cellulose functional groups and the absence of hemicellulose and lignin. XRD analysis revealed 81% crystallinity of the cellulose. The dominant carbon peaks from 60 to 106 ppm from CP/MAS 13C NMR also confirmed the presence and purity of cellulose. The thermal degradation pattern of extracted cellulose in between 200 and 350 °C was in good agreement with the literature. Overall, the present results confirmed that a high-quality cellulose fraction could be produced from the lignocellulosic biomass by employing a competent and green approach using the ionic liquid [BMIM] Cl. Keywords 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride . CP/MAS 13C NMR . DSC . FTIR . SEM . XRD
1 Introduction Calophyllum inophyllum is an evergreen tree found in tropical and subtropical countries like India, East Africa, Australia, and Southeast Asia [1]. The seeds present in the non-edible fruit are copious in oil content covering 25–60% [2]. The Calophyllum inophyllum oil is mainly used as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel and also serves for medical purposes, especially for topical applications [3]. The nonedible de-oiled cake can be only used as manure for agricultural fields [4]. The primary composition of the de-oiled cake comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives [5]. Among the components, cellulose is the most valuable compound and finds applications in food, pharmaceutical, biofuel, optics, composites, anti-counterfeit technologies, particle tracking applications, and so forth [6].
* Kiran Babu Uppuluri [email protected] * A. Arumugam [email protected] 1
Bioprospecting Laboratory, Centre for Bioenergy, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
The extraction of cellulose from the lignocellulosic biomass is an intricate process due to the crystalline nature of the cellulose and also the complex network of hemicellulose and lignin entrapment of cellulose. The fractionation of individual components requires a high amount of energy. Though the various pretreatment techniques are available like acid, alkaline, ammonia, supercritical fluid extraction, organosolv, lime and steam, and so forth, the harsher conditions, the usage of less environment-
Data Loading...