Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites Green Chemistry a
Because we are living in an era of Green Science and Technology, developments in the field of bio- and nano- polymer composite materials for advanced structural and medical applications is a rapidly emerging area and the subject of scientific attention. I
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Susheel Kalia B. S. Kaith Inderjeet Kaur l
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Editors
Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites Green Chemistry and Technology
Editors Dr. Susheel Kalia Department of Chemistry Bahra University Waknaghat (Shimla Hills)-173 234 Dist. Solan Himachal Pradesh, India [email protected] [email protected]
Dr. B. S. Kaith Department of Chemistry Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar -144 011 Punjab, India [email protected]
Dr. Inderjeet Kaur Department of Chemistry Himachal Pradesh University Shimla – 171 005 Himachal Pradesh, India [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-17369-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17370-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924897 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Present is an era of advance materials including polymer composites, nanocomposites, and biocompatible materials. With advancements in science and technology and increase in Industrial growth, there is a continuous deterioration in our environmental conditions. Emission of toxic gases such as dioxin on open burning of plastics in the air and the poisoning of soil-fertility due to nonbiodegradability of plastics disposed in the soil are continuously adding pollution load to our surrounding environment. Therefore, keeping in view the deteriorating conditions of the living planet earth, researchers all over the world have focused their research on eco-friendly materials, and the steps taken in this direction will lead toward GreenScience and Green-Technology. Cellulosics account for about half of the dry weight of plant biomass and approximately half of the dry weight of secondary sources of waste biomass. At this crucial moment, cellulose fibers are pushed due to their “green” image, mainly because they are renewable and can be incinerated at the end of the material’s lifetime without adding any pollution load in the atmosphere. Moreover, the amount of CO2 released during incineration process is negligible as compared to the amount of C
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