Cellulose Products from Solutions: Film, Fibres and Aerogels
It belongs to one of the oldest experiences of mankind to use fibrous materials of plant or animal origin with different fibre lengths and fineness as basic materials of human clothes. Cellulose forms linear macromolecules, preferentially useful for an ap
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Cellulose Products from Solutions: Film, Fibres and Aerogels Frank Wendler, Thomas Schulze, Danuta Ciechanska, Ewa Wesolowska, Dariusz Wawro, Frank Meister, Tatiana Budtova, and Falk Liebner
Contents 6.1 Regeneration of Polysaccharides: Overview .................................................154 6.2 Viscose Rayon Process ..............................157 6.3 CarbaCell Process ....................................159 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6
Lyocell Process.........................................159 Dissolution of Polysaccharides in NMMO .....159 Shaping of Lyocell Solutions .......................160 New Ways ................................................162 Modified Lyocell Process ............................163 Ionic Liquids .............................................165 New Technologies......................................168
6.5 CELSOL®/BIOCELSOL® Process.............170 6.5.1 Modification of Cellulose Pulp.....................170 6.5.2 Preparation of Alkaline Solutions from BioModified Cellulose for Film and Fibre Manufacture ..............................................172 6.5.3 Technology Process for Film Forming and Fibre Spinning ...........................................172 6.5.4 Properties of CELSOL/BIOCELSOL Film and Fibres .......................................................173 6.5.5 Feasibility Studies ......................................174 6.6 Ultra-Lightweight and Highly Porous Cellulose Aerogels and Aerogel-Like Materials .................................................175 6.6.1 Cellulose I Aerogels ...................................176 6.6.2 Cellulose II Aerogels ..................................178 6.6.3 Concluding Remarks on Aerogels.................181 References ..........................................................182
F. Meister (*) Abt.-Ltr. Chemische Forschung, Thuringian Institute for Textile and Plastics Research, Breitscheidstraße 97, 07407 Rudolstadt, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
It belongs to one of the oldest experiences of mankind to use fibrous materials of plant or animal origin with different fibre lengths and fineness as basic materials of human clothes. Cellulose forms linear macromolecules, preferentially useful for an application as textile fibres. Common used pulp fibres are too short for those applications and have to be transformed into staple fibres like wool or endless fibres like silk by means of solution shaping procedures. Dissolution of cellulose in common protic solvents like water or alcohol is hindered due to intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. For that reason cellulose derivatives like cellulose nitrate, cellulose xanthogenate or cellulose acetate were used first in order to manufacture cellulose manmade fibres. Situation changes after investigation of direct dissolving liquids like cyclic amine oxides, especially N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, and large-scale manufacturing of it became reality. In the late 1970s up to the late 1990s, direct dissolution technology, nowadays well known as Lyocell process, w
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