Enhanced rheological properties and conductivity of bacterial cellulose hydrogels and aerogels through complexation with
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Enhanced rheological properties and conductivity of bacterial cellulose hydrogels and aerogels through complexation with metal ions and PEDOT/PSS Thao T. H. Pham . Sundaravadanam Vishnu Vadanan . Sierin Lim
Received: 10 February 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Bacterial cellulose (BC) based hybrid hydrogels and aerogels have been fabricated by reformatting BC pellicles. BC pellicles are formed by tight fibrillar networks making it challenging to incorporate other materials to form hybrids or composites. In this study, BC pellicles produced from two Acetobacteracea family members are disintegrated into individual nanofibrils via TEMPO-mediated oxidation. The individualized BC nanofibrils about tens of microns in length and 20–50 nm in width are welldispersed in water with crystallinity and birefringence of cellulose I. These BC nanofibril dispersions are non-Newtonian fluid. Upon complexation with 0.75 mmol/g of Fe3?, the formed BC nanofibril hydrogels display 17-fold increase in storage moduli. Composite aerogels formed by complexation with conductive polymer PEDOT/PSS show characteristics of a non-Hookean foam material with conductivity value of up to 0.86 S/cm for cellulose density of 4.2 mg/cm2.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03284-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. T. T. H. Pham S. V. Vadanan S. Lim (&) School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Dr., Block N1.3, Singapore 637457, Singapore e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Nanofibrils Biomaterials TEMPOmediated oxidation Cellulose composite Cellulose hybrid
Introduction Bacterial cellulose (BC) produced through aerobic fermentation has been reported to have several advantages such as high purity, high crystallinity and hydrophilicity (Benziman et al. 1980; Fang and Catchmark 2015). BC has the same chemical structure as that of plant cellulose which is a polyglucan chain formed by b-1,4 linked D-glucopyranose units (Esa et al. 2014; Hu et al. 2014; Shah et al. 2013; Soni et al. 2015; Sulaeva et al. 2015). It has been used for biomedical applications (Fu et al. 2013; Sulaeva et al. 2015; Ul-Islam et al. 2012; Wan et al. 2006), electrical engineering purposes (Liang et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2013) and as a food ingredient (Shi et al. 2014b). However, functionalization and reformatting of BC is challenged by the tight network of the cellulose fibrils in the pellicles. We attempt to reformat the BC pellicles produced by two different strains to form hybrid BC materials. Amongst the many bacteria that produce BC extracellularly, Acetobacteracea is the most studied family and the most efficient producer of microbial cellulose (Chawla et al. 2009; Lin et al. 2016).
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Cellulose
Extensive studies on BC focus on the biosynthetic process of Acetobacteracea family members that use glucose as the
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