Cepharanthine and Curcumin inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis induced by PCV2
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Cepharanthine and Curcumin inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis induced by PCV2 Yinlan Xu1†, Jiangang Zheng1†, Panpan Sun2, Jianhua Guo3, Xiaozhong Zheng4, Yaogui Sun1, Kuohai Fan2, Wei Yin1, Hongquan Li1* and Na Sun1*
Abstract Background: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an immunosuppressive pathogen with high prevalence rate in pig farms. It has caused serious economic losses to the global pig industry. Due to the rapid mutation of PCV2 strain and co-infection of different genotypes, vaccination could not eradicate the infection of PCV2. It is necessary to screen and develop effective new compounds and explore their anti-apoptotic mechanism. The 13 natural compounds were purchased, with a clear plant origin, chemical structure and content and specific biological activities. Results: The maximum no-cytotoxic concentration (MNTC) and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 13 tested compounds were obtained by the cytopathologic effect (CPE) assay and (3-(4,5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method in PK-15 cells. The results of qPCR and Western blot showed that, compared with the PCV2 infected group, the expression of Cap in Paeonol (0.4 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL), Cepharanthine (0.003 mg/mL, 0.0015 mg/mL and 0.00075 mg/mL) and Curcumin (0.02 mg/mL, 0.001 mg/mL and 0.005 mg/mL) treated groups were significantly lowered in a dose-dependent manner. The results of Annexin V-FITC/PI, JC-1, Western blot and ROS analysis showed that the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax were up-regulated Bcl-2 was downregulated in Cepharanthine or Curcumin treated groups, while ROS and MMP value were decreased at different degrees and the apoptosis rate was reduced. In this study, Ribavirin was used as a positive control. Conclusions: Paeonol, Cepharanthine and Curcumin have significant antiviral effect. And the PCV2-induced Mitochondrial apoptosis was mainly remitted by Cepharanthine and Curcumin. Keywords: PCV2, Cap, Paeonol, Cepharanthine, Curcumin, Apoptosis
Background PCV2 is a DNA virus, which is an important pathogen causing high infection rate and immunosuppression in pigs [1]. The diseases caused by PCV2 mainly include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), Porcine proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP), etc., which have caused serious economic losses to the global pig industry for about 57 years [2]. The capsid * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Yinlan Xu and Jiangang Zheng contributed equally to this work. 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
protein (Cap) encoded by the ORF2-encoded gene of PCV2 is a major viral structural protein and an immunogen involving viral replication of PCV2 [3]. Studies have shown that PCV2 could induce apoptosis and decrease spleen lymphocytes in immune organs of BALB/c mice and pigs [4, 5] and apoptosis can be induced through
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