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3.2. Ceramics

Detailed treatments of ceramics are given in [2.1–3]. Reference [2.4] is a comprehensive handbook on materials, emphasizing ceramics and minerals. Structural ceramics are treated in [2.5]. Reference [2.6]

3.2.1 Traditional Ceramics and Cements........ 432 3.2.1.1 Traditional Ceramics ................ 432 3.2.1.2 Cements................................. 432 3.2.2 Silicate Ceramics ................................. 433 3.2.3 Refractory Ceramics ............................ 437 3.2.4 Oxide Ceramics ................................... 3.2.4.1 Magnesium Oxide.................... 3.2.4.2 Alumina ................................. 3.2.4.3 Al–O–N Ceramics ..................... 3.2.4.4 Beryllium Oxide ...................... 3.2.4.5 Zirconium Dioxide ................... 3.2.4.6 Titanium Dioxide, Titanates, etc.

437 444 445 447 447 447 450

3.2.5 Non-Oxide Ceramics............................ 3.2.5.1 Non-Oxide High-Temperature Ceramics ................................ 3.2.5.2 Borides .................................. 3.2.5.3 Carbides................................. 3.2.5.4 Nitrides.................................. 3.2.5.5 Silicides .................................

451 451 451 458 467 473

References .................................................. 476

is a hands-on practical reference book for technical ceramics, and recent data on technical ceramics can be found in conference proceedings such as [2.7].

Part 3 2

Ceramics have various definitions, because of their long history of development as one of the oldest and most versatile groups of materials and because of the different ways in which materials can be classified, such as by chemical composition (silicates, oxides and non-oxides), properties (mechanical and physical), or applications (building materials, high-temperature materials and functional materials). The most widely used, minimal definition of ceramics is that they are inorganic nonmetallic materials. The broadest subdivision is into traditional, and technical or engineering ceramics. Detailed groupings and definitions of technical ceramics are given in DIN EN 60672. In the present section we differentiate between traditional ceramics and cements, silicate ceramics, refractory ceramics, oxide ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics, being aware that there are overlaps. It should also be noted that other sections of this Handbook cover particular groups of ceramics: glasses (Chapt. 3.4), semiconductors (Chapt. 4.1), nonmetallic superconductors (Sect. 4.2.2), magnetic oxides (Sect. 4.3.4), dielectrics and electrooptics (Chapt. 4.4) and ferroelectrics and related materials, (Chapt. 4.5).

432

Part 3

Classes of Materials

3.2.1 Traditional Ceramics and Cements 3.2.1.1 Traditional Ceramics

Part 3 2.1

Traditional ceramics are obtained by the firing of clay-based materials. They are commonly composed of a clay mineral (kaolinite, montmorillonite, or illite), fluxing agents (orthoclase and plagioclase), and filler materials (SiO2 , Al2 O3 , and MgO). The processing steps are mixing, forming, dryin