Changes in intestinal microbiota of Bufo gargarizans and its association with body weight during metamorphosis
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Changes in intestinal microbiota of Bufo gargarizans and its association with body weight during metamorphosis Lihong Chai1,2 · Zhongmin Dong4 · Aixia Chen1,2 · Hongyuan Wang3 Received: 8 January 2018 / Revised: 11 April 2018 / Accepted: 3 May 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract The assembly of intestinal microbial communities can play major roles in animal development. We hypothesized that intestinal microbial communities could mirror the developmental programs of amphibian metamorphosis. Here, we surveyed the morphological parameters of the body and intestine of Bufo gargarizans at varying developmental stages and inventoried the intestinal microbial communities of B. gargarizans at four key developmental stages via 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Firstly, our survey showed that during metamorphosis, body weight and intestinal weight were reduced by 56.8 and 91.8%, respectively. Secondly, the gut bacterial diversity of B. gargarizans decreased with metamorphosis and the composition of the tadpoles’ intestinal microbiota varied across metamorphosis. Compared to aquatic larvae, terrestrial juveniles showed major shifts in microbial composition, including reduction in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, increases in Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, and the appearance of Verrucomicrobia. Firmicutes in four developmental stages showed similar abundance at the phylum level, but in each stage was driven by distinct genera. Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Mucinivorans and Bacteroides also changed in abundance and were found to be significantly correlated with loss of body or intestinal tissue during metamorphosis. These results indicate a shift in intestinal microbial community composition throughout amphibian metamorphosis. Keywords 16S rDNA sequencing · Intestinal microbiota · Bacterial diversity · Amphibian metamorphosis · Bufo gargarizans
Introduction
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1523-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hongyuan Wang [email protected] 1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, People’s Republic of China
2
Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710062, People’s Republic of China
3
College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
4
Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
Metamorphosis in anurans is accompanied by a complex set of changes in morphology, physiology, and behavior that transform an aquatic larva to a terrestrial juvenile. Through metamorphosis, the amphibian is not only divested of its tail and gills, which are replaced with limbs and lungs, but it also experiences a profound remodeling of components related to its liver (Atkinson et al. 1998), intestine (Buchhol
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