Changes in the aquatic ecotoxicological effects of Triton X-100 after UV photodegradation
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Changes in the aquatic ecotoxicological effects of Triton X-100 after UV photodegradation Eun Hea Jho 1
&
Seong Ho Yun 2 & Punam Thapa 3 & Joo-Won Nam 3
Received: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Various spray adjuvants including surfactants are widely used in agricultural pesticide formulations, and some of them may remain in soils and waters and impose more adverse effects than active pesticide ingredients on organisms. However, previous studies are more focused on the active pesticide ingredients than the adjuvants. Thus, this study investigates the changes in toxic effects of surfactants during photodegradation, which is one way of naturally degrading contaminants in natural waters. Triton X-100, a watersoluble non-ionic surfactant, was degraded using different types of UV radiation (UVA, UVB, and UVC), and the changes in the toxic effects were determined using bioluminescent bacteria and water flea. The Triton X-100 removals were negligible with UVA within 24 h, while its removal was 81% with UVB and almost complete with UVC. The NMR spectra indicated possible molecule rearrangement after photolysis. On the other hand, the toxic effects based on the mortality of Daphnia magna and the bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri increased (i.e., lower EC50 values) after photodegradation, suggesting the generation of photoproducts that are likely to have higher toxic effects or higher bioavailability. Furthermore, the sensitivities of D. magna and A. fischeri for Triton X-100 and the photodegraded Triton X-100 were different. This study suggests that the changes in the chemical composition of the Triton X-100 containing water with photodegradation can lead to changes in the relative toxic effects on different aquatic organisms. Therefore, not only the management of parent compound (i.e., Triton X-100) but also the photoproducts generated from the parent compound need to be considered when managing water environment subject to photodegradation. Keywords Pesticides . Spray adjuvants . Triton X-100 . Photolysis . Toxicity
Introduction Various spray adjuvants including surfactants, dyes, and wetting agents are often used in application of agricultural pesticide Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-02011362-2. * Eun Hea Jho [email protected] 1
Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
2
Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 81 Oedae-ro, Mohyeon-eup, Cheoin-gu, Youngin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17035, South Korea
3
College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, South Korea
formulations to enhance the performance of active ingredients in pesticides (Mullin et al. 2016). The pesticide adjuvants are also referred to as inert ingredients in pesticides. Numero
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