Ecotoxicological Diagnosis in the Tanning Industry
With a wide experience spanning over thirty years in the Leather subsector Dr. M Mwinyihija embarked on his doctoral studies at the University of Aberdeen, focusing on the latest ecotoxicological and novel techniques that could provide environmental diagn
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Mwinyikione Mwinyihija
Ecotoxicological Diagnosis in the Tanning Industry
Mwinyikione Mwinyihija, PhD, FCIWEM, HSC, CSci., CBiol., CEnv. Leather Development Council P O Box 14480-00800 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-6265-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-6266-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6266-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010935357 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The tanning industry is a major source of pollution worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The major public concern over tanneries has traditionally been about odours and water pollution from untreated discharges. Important pollutants associated with the tanning industry include chlorides, tannins, chromium, sulphate and sulphides as well as trace organic chemicals and, increasingly, synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, dyes and finishing agents, as well as solvents. These substances are frequently toxic and persistent, and affect both human and environmental health. The primary focus in this book was to identify the recently developed ecotoxicological analytical trends (rapid, simple and inexpensive) related to the tanning industry on terrestrial and aquatic systems. The resultant research data reported, incorporates both field related and laboratory based techniques to address underlying environmental problems in the tanning sector. The book also includes a chapter to explore the occupational hazards in a tannery environment caused by contaminated dust. It was important to note that an optical set-up involving microscopy and digital imaging techniques was initially used to determine dust particle numbers and size distributions as a preamble to ascertaining the dust toxicity levels. To determine the toxic nature of the dust (in addition to particle size), an ecotoxicological screening of the dust samples (using a solid and liquid assay involving the response of luminescence (lux)-based bacterial biosensor) was conducted and which was complemented by chemical analysis to identify possible causative toxic components. Moreover, a novel technique has been discussed in this book related to the tannery effluent and associated environmental sam
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