Changes in the functional features of macrophyte communities and driving factors across a 70-year period
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AQUATIC HOMOGENOCENE
Changes in the functional features of macrophyte communities and driving factors across a 70-year period Marja Lindholm Heikki Toivonen
. Janne Alahuhta
. Jani Heino
. Jan Hjort
.
Received: 6 August 2019 / Revised: 15 November 2019 / Accepted: 18 December 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Functional homogenisation occurs across many areas and organism groups, thereby seriously affecting biodiversity loss and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we examined how functional features of aquatic macrophytes have changed during a 70-year period at community and species levels in a boreal lake district. At the community level, we examined if aquatic macrophyte communities showed different spatial patterns in functional composition and functional richness in relation to main environmental drivers between the time periods. We also observed each species in functional space to assess if species with certain sets of traits have become more common or rare in the 70-year study period. We found changes
in the relationship between functional community composition and the environment. The aquatic macrophyte communities showed different patterns in functional composition between the two time periods, and the main environmental drivers for these changes were partly different. Temporal changes in functional richness were only partially linked to concomitant changes in the environment, while stable factors were more important. Species’ functional traits were not associated with commonness or rarity patterns. Our findings revealed that functional homogenisation has not occurred across these boreal lakes, ranging from small oligotrophic forest lakes to larger lakes affected by human impacts.
Guest editors: Andre´ A. Padial, Julian D. Olden & Jean R. S. Vitule / The Aquatic Homogenocene
Keywords Anthropogenic impact Aquatic plants Functional diversity Functional homogenisation Functional richness Temporal patterns
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-04165-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. Lindholm (&) J. Alahuhta J. Hjort Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland e-mail: [email protected] J. Heino Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 413, 90570 Oulu, Finland H. Toivonen Kangasala Asema, Finland
Introduction The ongoing biodiversity loss due to human actions is an undeniable crisis (IPBES, 2019; IUCN, 2019). Land use changes, habitat degradation and introduction of invasive species to ecosystems are among the main causes of biodiversity loss (IPBES, 2019). One consequence of these anthropogenic changes is biotic homogenisation, a process where ecosystems lose their biological uniqueness, and similarity among
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Hydrobiologia
communities increases (McKinney & Lockwood, 1999; Olden & Rooney, 2006). Contrary to this process, there is biotic differentiation, where simi
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