Characteristic of Hermetia illucens Fatty Acid and that of the Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Synthesize Based on Upcycling of
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Characteristic of Hermetia illucens Fatty Acid and that of the Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Synthesize Based on Upcycling of Perishable Waste Siew Yoong Leong1 · S. R. M. Kutty2 Received: 19 August 2019 / Accepted: 16 March 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Physicochemical properties of biodiesel are influenced by the characteristic of fatty acids including chain length, degree of unsaturation and composition of fatty acid. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of Hermetia illucens fatty acid properties on biodiesel quality using a transesterification reaction. H. illucens larvae were grown on fruit waste and food waste. The harvested pre-pupae were processed into dry biomass and stored in a container for further use. H. illucens pre-pupae were transesterified with methanol in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst. The reaction was conducted using methanol to sample mass of 6:1, reaction time (255 min), reaction temperature (50 °C), and catalyst loading (20v/v%). Biodiesel quality was tested according to the ASTM and EN standard. The degree of unsaturation, long chain saturated factor and methyl ester composition of each biodiesel also influence the biofuel’s properties. Fatty acid extracted from the H. illucens biomass showed high saturated fatty acid (SFA) derived from both feeds. Lauric acids were found to be the predominant SFA. The properties of FAME produced under optimum conditions, including density, kinetic viscosity, copper strip corrosion, oxidation stability and cloud points were in accordance with EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 biodiesel standards.
* Siew Yoong Leong [email protected] 1
Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900 Petaling Jaya, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Waste and Biomass Valorization
Graphic Abstract
Keywords H. illucens · Fatty acid methyl ester · Biodiesel · Perishable waste · EN 14214 · ASTM 6751
Statement of Novelty • This study presents the insight on non-conventional fatty
acid methyl ester for biodiesel production via up-cycling process by Hermetia illucens derived from perishable waste. • This study investigates the influence of H. illucens fatty acid properties on biodiesel quality. • Hermetia illucens pre-pupae were noticed to be able to synthesize medium chain of fatty acids, specifically lauric acid of at least 50 wt% from the total fatty acid compositions. Lauric acid is produced in higher quantity that that of the feeds. • The properties of FAME produced under optimum conditions, including density, kinetic viscosity, copper strip corrosion, oxidation stability and cloud points were in accordance with EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 biodiesel standards.
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Introduction Crude oil is a natural resource which is non-renewable and will be exhausted as time dwindles. Energy security is main a concer
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