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Characteristics and geological significance of germanium in Taiyuan coal formation of Huainan Coalfield, Anhui, China Dun Wu1,2,3 • Wenyong Zhang2,3 • Guijian Liu1,3 • Run Zhan2,3 • Guangqing Hu1,2,3

Received: 29 December 2019 / Revised: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 / Published online: 24 November 2020  The Author(s) 2020

Abstract HN-1# is the first fully working coring well of the Taiyuan Formation (Ty) in the Huinan Coalfield and exploration studies are currently underway on the associated resources of the coal-bearing strata. The HN-1# well is located in the Fufeng thrust nappe structural belt in the south of the Huainan Coalfield. Three coal samples from the Ty were collected from HN-1# and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry were used to determine the Ge content of each sample. Based on proximate and ultimate analyses, microscopy data, and analyses of the ash products, some important findings were made. The Ty coal samples had a relatively high total sulfur (St,d) content (4.24%), thus the coal was considered to be a lower ranked coal (high volatility bituminous coal), which also had a low coal ash composition index (k, 1.87). Collodetrinite was the main submaceral of the Ty coal. Small amounts of pyrite particles were found in the coal seams of the Ty, while the contents of pyrite and algae in the top and bottom sections of the coal seam were relatively high, which meant that the swampy peat conditions which existed during the formation of the coal seams were affected by seawater; also the degree of mineralization of the coal seam was relatively high, which is consistent with reducing conditions in a coastal environment setting. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments showed that the modes of occurrence of Ge in the Ty coal were mainly those for organic-bound and adsorbed Ge species. The organic carbon isotope values for the Ty coal ranged from - 24.1% to - 23.8%, with an average value of - 24.0%, which is equivalent to the value for terrestrial plants (average value - 24.0%). The Ge content of the Ty coal was 13.57 mg/kg. The Ge content was negatively correlated with volatile matter and the ash yield. Keywords Germanium  Modes of occurrence  Chemical species  ICP spectrometry  Taiyuan coal formation  Fufeng thrust nappe structural belt  Huainan Coalfield

1 Introduction

& Wenyong Zhang [email protected] & Guijian Liu [email protected] 1

School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China

2

Exploration Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Bureau of Coal Geology, Hefei 230088, Anhui, China

3

Anhui Province Green Mine Engineering Research Center, Hefei 230088, Anhui, China

123

Exploration studies on mineral resources in coal basins and coal measures continue at pace given the increasing economic importance of strategic mineral resources including those in coal measures (Shao et al. 2020). In particular, the enrichment and mineralization of rare earth elements