Characteristics of cytokines in the sciatic nerve stumps and DRGs after rat sciatic nerve crush injury
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Characteristics of cytokines in the sciatic nerve stumps and DRGs after rat sciatic nerve crush injury Rui-Rui Zhang1†, Sai-Ling Chen1†, Zhang-Chun Cheng1,2, Yin-Ying Shen1, Sheng Yi1* and Hui Xu1*
Abstract Background: Cytokines are essential cellular modulators of various physiological and pathological activities, including peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. However, the molecular changes of these cellular mediators after peripheral nerve injury are still unclear. This study aimed to identify cytokines critical for the regenerative process of injured peripheral nerves. Methods: The sequencing data of the injured nerve stumps and the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to sciatic nerve (SN) crush injury were analyzed to determine the expression patterns of genes coding for cytokines. PCR was used to validate the accuracy of the sequencing data. Results: A total of 46, 52, and 54 upstream cytokines were differentially expressed in the SNs at 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days after nerve injury. A total of 25, 28, and 34 upstream cytokines were differentially expressed in the DRGs at these time points. The expression patterns of some essential upstream cytokines are displayed in a heatmap and were validated by PCR. Bioinformatic analysis of these differentially expressed upstream cytokines after nerve injury demonstrated that inflammatory and immune responses were significantly involved. Conclusions: In summary, these findings provide an overview of the dynamic changes in cytokines in the SNs and DRGs at different time points after nerve crush injury in rats, elucidate the biological processes of differentially expressed cytokines, especially the important roles in inflammatory and immune responses after peripheral nerve injury, and thus might contribute to the identification of potential treatments for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. Keywords: Peripheral nerve injury, Rat sciatic nerve crush injury, Sciatic nerve stumps, Dorsal root ganglia, Upstream cytokines
Background Peripheral nerves are vulnerable tissues that are generally defenseless against traumatic injuries caused by bumping, stretching, crushing, and penetrating wounds as well as nontraumatic injuries caused by genetic, metabolic, infectious, and medically induced factors [1, 2]. * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Rui-Rui Zhang and Sai-Ling Chen contributed equally to this work. 1 Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Fortunately, unlike central nerves, peripheral nerves can regenerate and achieve certain functional recovery after injury, although full functional recovery is generally unexpected [3]. After peripheral nerve injury, distal nerve stumps undergo Wallerian degeneration. Activated Schwann cells and macrophages clear debris of axon and myelin sheaths. Axons o
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