Characterization and experimental design application for Algerian silica sand enrichment
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ICCESEN 2017
Characterization and experimental design application for Algerian silica sand enrichment Sabiha Anas Boussaa 1,2 & Naima Zaourar Boutarek 2 & Aissa Kefaifi 1 Received: 5 August 2019 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract The present research is related to characterize Tebessa Algerian silica sand with several techniques, to provide briquetting process and to exploit it in the silicon metal production project for photovoltaic application. Acid leaching was used to remove the impurities especially iron and aluminium found in the silica sand. Eight experiments were carried out according to a finite element plane with the variation of three parameters, temperature, time and stirring. We find that the most important parameters are the time and the stirring because the optimal leaching rate for iron and aluminium removal is up to 94 and 93.3%, respectively, in the conditions of temperature 40 °C, time 6 h and stirring 600 rpm. Keywords Silica sand . Algeria . Characterization . Enrichment . Experimental design method
Introduction On nature, energy is found in two main forms, namely, nonrenewable energy and renewable energy (Hammarström 2012; Capraro et al. 2016). The nuclear and fossils’ energy are unfortunately decreasing over time, and we will see their disappearance within a few hundred years, at latest (Shahzad 2012). In addition to their disappearance, nuclear energy caused different damage, and serious hazards were realized such as the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe on March 11, 2011, and others before. Fossils fuels produce a carbon dioxide (CO2) which is the major element on climate changing (Yamin 2011). The most promising clean and renewable energy is the solar energy, and it has a huge potential and can solve the
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Geo-Resources-EarthEnvironmental Sciences * Sabiha Anas Boussaa [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Division croissance cristalline et procédés métallurgiques CCPM, Centre de recherche en technologie des semi-conducteurs pour l’énergétique (C.R.T.S.E), 02 Bd Frantz Fanon BP. 140 Alger 7 Merveilles, 16200 Algiers, Algeria
2
Laboratoire des technologies des matériaux, USTHB, B.P. 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
world’s energy problems (Boudghene Stambouli and Koinuma 2014). For this purpose, Algeria is really interested to the promotion of renewable energy. The potential for biomass, wind, hydropower and geothermal energies is relatively small to the solar energy. For this, the solar energy application is the major focus of the Algerian program (Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program 2011). Converting the sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic panels refers to photovoltaic solar energy; crystalline silicon is the most used semi-conductor for the panel conception (Anas Boussaa et al. 2017a). This chemical element always exists in the nature as mineral such as sand, quartz and sandstone named as “Silica minerals” (Koralay and Kadioglu 2015). The most abundant silica
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