Characterization and exploitation of black shale as unconventional source of biohydrogen: a case study from the Abu-Tart
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization and exploitation of black shale as unconventional source of biohydrogen: a case study from the Abu-Tartur mine, Western Desert, Egypt Galal El-Habaak 1 & Rafat Khalaphallah 2 & Mokhles Hassan 2 & Mohamed Askalany 3 & Mahmoud Abdel-Hakeem 3,4 Received: 1 February 2020 / Accepted: 25 May 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Biohydrogen is a specific type of biogas produced by the anaerobic degradation of organic matter in the absence of methanogenic bacteria. Depending on the high sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria to oxygen, the surface outcrops of black shale are expected to be unfavorable environments for methanogenic bacteria. At this point, the present study sheds more light on the potential production of biohydrogen from Abu-Tartur black shale, as an example, located in the Western Desert of Egypt. A combination of analytical techniques including the LECO C230-carbon analyzer, Rock-Eval pyrolysis 6, optical and scanning electron microscopes, X-ray diffractometer, pH meter, polymerase chain reaction, and 16S ribosomal RNA analysis was used for the current work. The anaerobic fermentation was conducted at different solid densities 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% for 5 weeks. Also, the influence of clay minerals on biohydrogen production along with the biodegradation of clay minerals on fermentation is considered. The overall results indicate the majority of samples are fair to good in organic richness (0.92–1.35 wt% TOC). The studied kerogen is classified as immature type III associated with montmorillonite, illite-montmorillonite mixed layer, and sepiolite. The low degree of thermal maturity is consistent with the high percentage of smectite expandable layers “> 60%.” On fermentation, noticeable volumes of biogas (average 10.2 cubic centimeters) were gradually adsorbed by clay minerals with increasing the total solid content from 9 to 15%. XRD patterns of fermented samples reveal the disappearance of montmorillonite and illite-montmorillonite mixed layer, with the persistence of sepiolite reflection peaks. On the other hand, the ribosomal sequence analysis “16S rRNA” refers to the absence of methanogenic bacteria and the dominant occurrence of Bacillus sp. and Lysinibacillus sp., which are well known for their ability to produce biohydrogen. Keywords Abu-Tartur plateau . Anaerobic fermentation . Clay minerals . Biohydrogen
Introduction Black shales are dark-colored, thinly laminated mudstones rich in organic matter “kerogen” (> 0.5 wt% TOC) and iron sulfides Responsible Editor: Santanu Banerjee * Mahmoud Abdel-Hakeem [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
2
Agricultural Plant Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
3
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
4
Remote Sensing & Applied Geology Lab, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
accumulated under anoxic marine conditions (Wignall 1994). Black shales have been exploited in
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