Characterization of All Carbon Composites Reinforced with In situ Synthesized Carbon Nanostructures
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Characterization of All Carbon Composites Reinforced with In situ Synthesized Carbon Nanostructures F. C. Robles Hernandez1, H. A. Calderon2, D. Barber1*, A. Okonkwo1*, R. Ordoñez Olivares3, V. Hadjiev4,† 1 Mechanical Engineering Technology Department, University of Houston Texas 77204-4020 USA. 2 Depto. de Física, ESFM-IPN, Ed. 9 UPALM, Mexico D.F., Mexico. 3 University of Pittsburg, Mechanical and Materials Science and Engineering Department, 648 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. 4 Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA † To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] * Authors with equal contribution
ABSTRACT In this work results are presented regarding carbon composites produced by high energy mechanical milling and consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The involved energy input in such a processing method has been used to develop composite materials and to synthesize effective in-situ reinforcement. In the as milled and sintered composites various dispersions of graphene, graphitic carbon, and diamonds in an amorphous matrix are found. The graphene, graphitic carbon and diamond phases are synthesized primarily during milling. The TEAM-05 microscope has been used for characterization that is complemented with Raman results. The spark plasma sintering method enhances the presence of graphene, graphitic carbon and diamonds. INTRODUCTION Several efforts had been conducted to reinforce composites with carbon for decades [1]. Carboncarbon composites have been first developed by introducing fibers in carbonaceous matrices known for their exceptional thermal shock, wear, ablation, toughness, high temperature, and friction resistant properties [1]. The fibers have strengths of up to 4 times that of advanced steels (up to 4 GPa [2, 3]. These composites are useful for aerospace and defense among other applications. The synthesis of carbon nanostructures (fullerene, nanotubes and graphene) is conducted by evaporation [4 - 7]. The above are known for their outstanding mechanical electrical and thermal characteristics [8-10]. The carbon nanotube discovery has opened new horizons for structural materials to reinforce textiles [11], polymers [12, 13], metals and ceramics [14 - 16]. On those early stages the hardness in metallic matrices had been improved in up to 800 % [7]. More recent reports show toughness improvements in ceramic matrix composites between 300 % and 500% and electrical improvements of more than 12 orders of magnitude [17-20]. In the present paper we propose a new methodology for producing advance carbon composites reinforced with in situ synthesized carbon nanostructures. This unique approach is based on a solid state approach to synthesize complex carbon particles that act as effective reinforcement. Those reinforcements consists of graphitic structures and nano diamonds that are
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synthesized in situ during mechanical milling and then subjected to sintering to further enhance their effectiveness as reinforcement improving
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