Characterization of Titanium Oxide Layers Formation Produced by Nanosecond Laser Coloration
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TITANIUM presents interesting physical properties such as high strength, hardness, durability, low density, corrosion resistance, and biological compatibility. It is considered as one of the most suitable materials in laser processing for the use in many advanced applications such as surgery implants,[1–4] aerospace industry, jewelry, etc. Laser beams allow the obtaining of higher quality marked items from the point of view of the cleanliness, reproducibility, precision, and reliability. Obtaining colors on laser processed metallic surfaces may be conducted under normal or controlled atmospheric pressure conditions; it is based on the heating of the material surface. The resulting thermal field leads to changes on the metallic surface properties, without significant modifications on the basic material. The obtained colors are the result of surface oxidation, and the colored appearance of oxide films is due to interferences effect of the reflected natural light.[5] It is found in literature that Ti oxide films can be generated by different methods such as heat treatment, cathodic deposition,[6] plasma deposition,[7] pulsed laser deposition,[8] magnetron sputtering,[9] thermal oxidation,[10] electrolytic oxidation (anodizing),[11,12] and laser oxidation.[12–14] Metal coloring by lasers appeared fifteen F. BRIHMAT-HAMADI is with the Ionized Media and Laser Division, Centre de De´veloppement des Technologies Avance´es, PO. Box 17, Baba-Hassen, 16303, Algiers, Algeria, and also with Faculty of Physics, Quantum Electronic Laboratory, Universite´ des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumedienne, USTHB, BP 32 El alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria. Contact e-mail: [email protected] E. H. AMARA is with the Ionized Media and Laser Division, Centre de De´veloppement des Technologies Avance´es, H. KELLOU is with the Quantum Electronic Laboratory, Universite´ des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumedienne, USTHB. Manuscript submitted May 23, 2016. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
years ago, and compared to other methods of marking, a wider range of applications is found in practice. The laser technique offers greater accuracy, non-contact working with the surface, reduction in industrial effluents (no acid, solvent), significant cost reduction, fastness, flexibility, high amount of recorded information per unit treated surface, and allows performing films when surface is of complex shape. The marking process can be optimized for producing colors with better quality and visual appearance by adjusting the processing parameters, mainly related to the laser beam. Laser marking of metallic surfaces with the right parameters creates oxide layers, the thicknesses of which determine the reflection of the natural white light. Under air ambience, titanium is known for its easiness coloration by laser beams. By varying the laser operating parameters (e.g., scanning speed, pulse frequency, pulse energy, overlapping rate…), various colors may be induced on the titanium surface due to oxidation.[2,12,15] Therefore, the aim of the
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