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,,./ - •S

six s -

PS-H

SiS •-Si Sde--ýSi... PS-OEt

.. eSI i / -H PS-O-

._Si( Si._XSi..

.. Sie Si. Si_.

PS-OSiEt 3

PS-OOCH

Figure 1. Five types of PS surfaces prepared and studied in this report.

Two chemical reactions have been developed to modify the Si surface. 1 Bromination of the PS followed by introduction of an alcohol results in

387

Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 358 01995 Materials Research Society

formation of an Si-O bond with pendant 'Si B CH3CH2OH B2 hydrocarbon, 10Si --Si' -- _ Si Scheme 1. This reaction can be used H Electrochemical Reaction to produce a wide range of surface HCOOH / H 0.1 MHCOONa I Si W Si groups. In this e - si/ 'si- -si/j si-. report we will discuss PS derivScheme 1. Si surface reaction schemes. atized with simple alcohols and silanols. A second reaction is electrochemical deposition of carboxylic acids, Scheme 1. Bromination Reaction

H SiI

SI

H

BROMINATION REACTIONS PS under -2 mtorr vacuum is exposed to Br 2 vapor for 5 minutes. Br2 is removed by condensing into a liquid nitrogen trap, and the sample is kept under vacuum for 10 minutes. The alcohol is introduced as a liquid or gas and is allowed to react for 5-10 minutes, whereupon it is drained and sample is dried under vacuum. The reaction chamber is constructed so as to hold the sample fixed with respect to PL excitation source and detector during the I1

I

I

I

I

X

Before Reaction

I

I

=660 nm

After Reaction Before LReaction After Reaction-

850

800

650 700 750 wavelength (nm)

550

600

0

20

40

60

1 00x1 0-6

microseconds (10s)

Figure 2. Steady-state (left) and transient (right) emission of PS derivatized with alcohol in the manner described in text.

388

4000

3500

2500

3000

1500

2000

1000

500

wavenumber (cm'") Figure 3. IR spectra of as-etched hydride-terminated PS-H (dotted line) and ethoxide-

derivatized PS-OEt (line).

procedure. The resulting alkoxide-derivatized PS retains 10-40% of the initial PS emission intensity, Fig. 2. The steady-state spectral profile before and after derivatization is essentially unchanged except in intensity and the transient emission has a similar initial intensity but with an attenuated lifetime. Chemical modification of the surface introduces new non-radiative

recombination pathways but ..........PS-O-

..... PSmOSiEtc

4000

does not change the radiative

V Osi-H V Si-H

3000

\

2000

x

h mechanism.

I

1000

wavenumber (cm") Figure 4. IR Spectra of PS-O- and PS-OSi(Et) 3 (top) and a PS surface decorated with thiophene monomer (bottom).

389

Reaction products are identified by diffuse-reflectance IR. The IR spectrum of asetched PS-H 2 is dominated by a strong Si-H stretch at 2110 cm- 1. Further assignments are made in Figure 3. Derivatization by ethanol introduces C-H stretches in the 3000 cm-1 region and Si-O around 1100 cm- 1. Hydride stretches on Si backbonded to 0 occur at 2253 ± 2 cm-1, Fig. 3. Broad absorptions at 3500 cm- 1 are from residual water. Reaction of brominated PS with H2 0 results in

formation of a surface oxide, PS-O-, Fi