Chitin and Chitosan Based Composites for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review
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REVIEW PAPER
Chitin and Chitosan Based Composites for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review Sherin Peter1,2 · Nathalie Lyczko1 · Deepu Gopakumar1,2 · Hanna J. Maria2 · Ange Nzihou1 · Sabu Thomas2 Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Chitin and chitosan are the second most abundant natural biopolymers in the curst of the earth. These polysaccharide biopolymers have a long linear chain-like structure connected with β-d glucosidic linkage with the functionalizable surface groups. Because of the structural features, these biomaterials exhibit unique physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties, which contributed to the tunable and outstanding properties such as low density, high porosity, renewability, natural biodegradability, and environmental friendliness, etc. Chitin was synthesized via mechanical, chemical, chemo-mechanical, and eco-friendly biological methods and the deacetylation of the synthesized chitin carried for the preparation of chitosan. With the chemical modification used for the preparation of chitosan, there occurs some minor change in characteristics; however, most of the properties were relatable due to major similarities in the microstructures. The inherent antibacterial, non-toxic, and biodegradable properties with the ease of processibility of both polymer has the potential to become a successful alternative to its synthetic counterparts for energy and environmental applications. However, the poor mechanical and thermal properties in comparison to the conventional alternatives have restricted its widespread applications. This review addresses various areas such as extraction techniques of chitin and synthesis of chitosan, discussion of the common characteristics of both polymers together such as crystallinity, thermal properties, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and surface charge. Moreover, this review paper also addresses the common functionalization techniques for both polymer and the use of both unmodified chitin and chitosan along with their derivatives in environmental and energy applications such as air pollution, heavy metal adsorption, dye adsorption, biosensors, EMI shielding, fuel cell, solar cell, lithium-ion batteries, and biofuels. Graphic Abstract
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Waste and Biomass Valorization
Keywords Chitin · Chitosan · Extraction · Functionalization · Energy applications · Environmental applications
Statement of Novelty Chitin and chitosan are polysaccharides that posses interesting inherent properties with relatively good processability. Moreover, the fascinating surface functionality of these polymers can be tailor-made for diverse as well as specific applications. These attractive properties have enticed many researchers to develop sustainable, eco-friendly, relatively easily processable, efficient products, which could replace the conventional, non-eco-friendly products in biomedical, environmental, and energy
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