Environmental applications of carbon-based materials: a review
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REVIEW
Environmental applications of carbon‑based materials: a review Kannapan Panchamoorthy Gopinath1 · Dai‑Viet N. Vo2 · Dhakshinamoorthy Gnana Prakash1 · Antonysamy Adithya Joseph3 · Samynaathan Viswanathan1 · Jayaseelan Arun4 Received: 9 August 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Environmental pollution is a major issue, yet actual remediation techniques are limited. Carbon-based materials are increasingly used to treat air and water. Here we review the applications of carbon nanomaterials made of biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene for the adsorption of toxic gases, the removal of pollutants from ecosystems, and the improvement of anaerobic digestion. Carbon materials have been found efficient in removing nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceutical compounds and other pollutants from the environment, with adsorption efficiencies reaching 80% and degradation efficiencies up to 99%. Biochar addition induces a 60% improvement in biogas production. Similarly, in composting, up to 60% less ammonia emissions were observed when biochar was added. Biomass-based carbon materials appear economical, sustainable and eco-friendly. Keywords Carbon nanomaterials · Environmental remediation · Activated carbon · Biochar · Anaerobic digestion · Soil remediation
Introduction Environmental pollution due to urbanization, industrialization and modernization of the transportation sector resulted in serious damage of human health and the environment. Harmful contaminants including antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, greenhouse gases, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and volatile organic compounds were discharged into the environment (Gu et al. 2019; Michel et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2019). These pollutants resulted in waterbody * Kannapan Panchamoorthy Gopinath [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603110, India
2
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
4
Centre for Waste Management, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India
contamination, acid rain, global warming, and ozone layer depletion (Brião et al. 2020; Dupont et al. 2007). To ensure sustainable growth, we must find an efficient treatment technology to eliminate pollutants from the environment (Arun et al. 2018a; Sahmoune 2019). Numerous techniques (adsorption, coagulation, filtration, and precipitation) were studied in past for efficient removal of dyes, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants from aqueous system (Bashir et al. 2019; Vieira et al. 2020; Wang and Chen 2015). Among all these methods, adsorption
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