Chondrocyte Deformations Under Mild Dynamic Loading Conditions
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Annals of Biomedical Engineering ( 2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02615-9
Original Article
Chondrocyte Deformations Under Mild Dynamic Loading Conditions AMIN KOMEILI,1,2 BAABA SEKYIWAA OTOO,1 ZIAD ABUSARA,1,3 SCOTT SIBOLE,1 SALVATORE FEDERICO,1,4 and WALTER HERZOG 1,5 1
Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; 2School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada; 3 Advanced Imaging and Histopathology Core, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; 4Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; and 5Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil (Received 14 March 2020; accepted 8 September 2020) Associate Editor Michael S. Detamore oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract—Dynamic deformation of chondrocytes are associated with cell mechanotransduction and thus may offer a new understanding of the mechanobiology of articular cartilage. Despite extensive research on chondrocyte deformations for static conditions, work for dynamic conditions remains rare. However, it is these dynamic conditions that articular cartilage in joints are exposed to everyday, and that seem to promote biological signaling in chondrocytes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an experimental technique to determine the in situ deformations of chondrocytes when the cartilage is dynamically compressed. We hypothesized that dynamic deformations of chondrocytes vastly differ from those observed under steadystate static strain conditions. Real-time chondrocyte geometry was reconstructed at 10, 15, and 20% compression during ramp compressions with 20% ultimate strain, applied at a strain rate of 0.2% s21, followed by stress relaxation. Dynamic compressive chondrocyte deformations were nonlinear as a function of nominal strain, with large deformations in the early and small deformations in the late part of compression. Early compression (up to about 10%) was associated with chondrocyte volume loss, while late compression (> ~ 10%) was associated with cell deformation but minimal volume loss. Force continued to decrease for 5 min in the stress-relaxation phase, while chondrocyte shape/ volume remained unaltered after the first minute of stressrelaxation. Keywords—Chondrocyte deformation, Dynamic loading condition, Volume change, Cartilage mechanics, Articular cartilage, Joints, Osteoarthritis.
Address correspondence to Walter Herzog, Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Electronic mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION Articular cartilage contains a single cell type, chondrocytes, which are responsible for maintaining the function of the tissue. The mechanical and bioch
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