Interaction of Water with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates under Dynamic Loading Conditions
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JMEPEG (2019) 28:3220–3227 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-03915-5
Interaction of Water with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates under Dynamic Loading Conditions V. Lopresto, A. Langella, and I. Papa (Submitted September 20, 2018; in revised form November 14, 2018; published online February 14, 2019) With the aim of simulating the real conditions during the navigation, in this framework, impact tests were performed by loading CFRP laminates immersed in the water from the front side. The specimens, made by vinyl ester matrix because of the lower moisture absorption compared to the other epoxy systems, are in the presence of the water to accurately simulate the incidental impact on the hull of the vessel, immersed or partially immersed, during the navigation. It can be caused by the ice in the Arctic Ocean, by a projectile due to a terroristic attack or by debris from an explosion. The results are compared with the ones obtained by loading the laminates in pure traditional impact tests in the air. The influence of the clamping device has been tested too. The exciting results obtained on carbon fiber laminates in the air (pure traditional impact tests), water-backed (with water on the back side) and waterfront (water only on the front side) conditions at room temperature are here reported and compared. They highlighted the critical role played by the complex fluid–structure interaction. Keywords
fluid–structure interaction, impact loading, vinyl ester resin, water-backed, waterfront
1. Introduction In recent years, composite materials experienced an increased usage in different industries ranging from aerospace, wind energy, naval, and defense structures. In particular, the carbon resin composite materials (CFRP) are widely used to replace traditional ones in several fields, also in the naval one, thanks to their functional and structural properties. The potential use of these materials, combining different phases like matrix, reinforcements and interfaces, is influenced by many factors including manufacturing and environmental conditions, poor compatibility between base constituents, stacking sequence. Due to their inhomogeneity and anisotropy, composite laminates suffer severe damages under dynamic loading conditions: Low impact energies can cause large delamination that sensibly reduces the residual compression strength of the structure (Ref 1-5). Moreover, the damages can interact with each other in different and complex mechanisms, and they are often not visible damages (Ref 1). Composite laminates made of carbon fiber reinforcements in vinyl ester resin are prevalent composite materials for marine use. However, naval construction parts are very often subjected This article is an invited submission to JMEP selected from presentations at the International Symposium on Dynamic Response and Failure of Composite Materials (Draf2018) held June 12–15, 2018, on the Island of Ischia, Italy, and has been expanded from the original presentation. V. Lopresto, A. Langella, and I. Papa, Department of Chemical, Materials
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