Chromium Pollution: Impact on Plants and its Mitigation
Chromium (Cr) is a potential carcinogenic heavy metal. In plant physiology it does not have any essential metabolic function, but some plants show compatibility with this heavy metal and accumulate it in their living tissues without any injury. This chapt
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Poonam Rani, Ramesh Chandra Arya, and Shubha Dwivedi
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a potential carcinogenic heavy metal. In plant physiology it does not have any essential metabolic function, but some plants show compatibility with this heavy metal and accumulate it in their living tissues without any injury. This chapter is going to review a plausible link among Cr speciation, bioavailability, phytouptake, phytotoxicity and detoxification based on data especially published from 2011 to 2017. On the basis of biogeochemical characteristics, Cr has various chemical forms where Cr III and Cr VI are mostly found in soil and plants. Accumulation of Cr by plant species depends on many factors such as its chemical form, plant type, physico-chemical properties of soil, etc. Plants do not have any specific transporter for Cr uptake; rather, it enters in plant tissues through specific and non-specific channels of essential ions. Cr accumulates in underground plant part and shows limited translocation to aboveground plant parts. Cr provokes deleterious effects to several morphological (plant growth and development), physiological (photosynthesis, nutrient uptake) and biochemical processes (enhancement in ROS and alteration in antioxidant activities), etc. in plants. Some plant species tolerate heavy metals toxicity through their internal defence mechanisms such as complexation by organic ligands, compartmentalization into the vacuole, scavenging ROS by altering antioxidant enzymatic activities, etc. Cr consumption in limited amount is beneficial for health, but in excess it can cause risk to human and can cause severe
P. Rani Department of Biotechnology, MIET, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India R. C. Arya Department of Botany, Meerut College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India S. Dwivedi (*) Department of Life Sciences and Technology, IIMT University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 P. Mishra et al. (eds.), Innovations in Food Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6121-4_23
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clinical conditions. Therefore, to escape from harmful effects, it is necessary to monitor biogeochemical behaviour of Cr in soil plant system. Keywords
Phytotoxicity · Phytoremediation · Cr hyperaccumulators · Bioavailability · Heavy metals
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Introduction
Chromium (Cr) is the 7th most abundant element and 21st most abundant heavy metal with atomic number 24, molecular weight 511 and density 719 g/cm3of the Earth’s crust (Shahid et al. 2017). Chromium is 1 of the 18 core hazardous air pollutants and has been ranked 7th among the top 20 hazardous substances by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (Oh et al. 2007). This heavy metal is ranked 5th among the heavy metals in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Ma et al. 2007). The National Toxicology Program and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced it as number one carcinogenic. Therefore, this heavy metal prerequisites detailed and in-depth monitoring along with unde
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