Citizen Empowered Mapping

This book promotes the exploitation of novel and emerging approaches for mapping environmental and urban informatics empowered by citizens. Chapters are grouped in three sections representing the main subjects. The first section describes data acquisition

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Michael Leitner Jamal Jokar Arsanjani Editors

Citizen Empowered Mapping

Geotechnologies and the Environment Volume 18

Series editors Jay D. Gatrell, Vice Provost & Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies, Office of Academic Affairs, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY 40205, USA Ryan R. Jensen, Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

The Geotechnologies and the Environment series is intended to provide specialists in the geotechnologies and academics who utilize these technologies, with an opportunity to share novel approaches, present interesting (sometimes counter-intuitive) case studies, and, most importantly, to situate GIS, remote sensing, GPS, the internet, new technologies, and methodological advances in a real world context. In doing so, the books in the series will be inherently applied and reflect the rich variety of research performed by geographers and allied professionals. Beyond the applied nature of many of the papers and individual contributions, the series interrogates the dynamic relationship between nature and society. For this reason, many contributors focus on human-environment interactions. The series is not limited to an interpretation of the environment as nature per se. Rather, the series “places” people and social forces in context and thus explores the many socio-spatial environments humans construct for themselves as they settle the landscape. Consequently, contributions will use geotechnologies to examine both urban and rural landscapes.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8088

Michael Leitner • Jamal Jokar Arsanjani Editors

Citizen Empowered Mapping

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Editors Michael Leitner Department of Geography and Anthropology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Jamal Jokar Arsanjani Geoinformatics Research Group, Department of Development and Planning Aalborg University Copenhagen, København, Denmark

ISSN 2365-0575 ISSN 2365-0583 (electronic) Geotechnologies and the Environment ISBN 978-3-319-51628-8 ISBN 978-3-319-51629-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51629-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940639 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 Chapter 6 was created within the capacity of an US governmental employment. US copyright protection does not apply. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The p