Citrus Processing Quality Control and Technology
Citrus juices constitute the majority of the fruit juices consumed in the United States and around the world. Along with the rest of the fruit juice industry, they playa major role in the entire food industry as well. In spite of this prominence, few text
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SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
An AVI Book Copyright © 1991 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published byVan Nostrand Reinho[d, New York, NY in [991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
International Thomson Puhlishing Asia 221 Henderson Road #05-10 Henderson Building Singapore 0315 AII rigl1ts reserved. No part ofthis book covered by the copyright hereon may he reproduced or used in allY form Of by any means--graphic, electronic, Of mechanical, including photocopying, recording, tap ing, or informaticn storage and retrieval systems-~without the written permission ofthe puhlisher. 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 XXX 01 00 99 98 97
Libl"a .. y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kimball, Dan A. Citrus processing: quality control and technology / Dan A. Kimball. cm. p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-94-010-5645-8 ISBN 978-94-011-3700-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3700-3 1. Citrus juices. 2. Citrus fruits--By-products. t Title. TP562.K55 1991 90-25153 663' .63--dc20 CIP
Contents
Preface Chapter
v
1 Introduction
Unit 1 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
Unit 2
Citrus Juice Characteristics
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Brix and Soluble Solids Acids in Citrus Juices The Brixl Acid Ratio Testing of Fruit Samples Citrus Oils, Aromas, and Essences Citrus Juice Pulp Juice Cloud Color of Citrus Juices Bitterness in Citrus Juices 11 Nutritional Content of Citrus Juices 12 Citrus Rheology 13 Citrus Processing Varieties
Citrus Juice Sanitation
Chapter 14 Inspections Chapter 15 Citrus Microbiology Chapter 16 Insects, Rodents, and Birds Chapter 17 Physical and Chemical Contamination Chapter 18 Processing Contamination Chapter 19 Juice Adulteration
Unit 3
7 34 55 66 73 102 117 126 136 162 175 180 213 226 244 254 258 279
Citrus Juice By-Products
Chapter 20 Food-Grade Nonjuice Products Chapter 21 Animal Feed and Fuel By-Products Chapter 22 Wastes from Citrus Plants
303 337 353 iii
iv
CONTENTS
Unit 4
Citrus Juice Management
Chapter 23 Quality Control Statistics Chapter 24 Quality Control Management Chapter 25 Inventory Management
371 388 397
Appendix A Acid Corrections to the Brix
412
Appendix B GWBASIC and RPG Programs
418
Appendix C HP-41C Programmable Calculator Programs
430
Appendix D Answers to Select Questions and Problems
444
Index
453
Preface
Citrus juices constitute the majority of the fruit juices consumed in the United States and around the world. Along with the rest of the fruit juice industry, they playa major role in the entire food industry as well. In spite of this prominence, few texts have been written on quality control technology; and most of the texts have been written by researchers who may possess great technical skill but generally are less familiar with daily routine quality control problems and concerns than quality control technologists are. On the other hand, quality control technologists and managers generally do not have the time and/or the talent to
