Classification of fires in coal waste dumps based on Landsat, Aster thermal bands and thermal camera in Polish and Ukrai
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Classification of fires in coal waste dumps based on Landsat, Aster thermal bands and thermal camera in Polish and Ukrainian mining regions ´ da´m Na´dudvari1 • Anna Abramowicz1 • Monika Fabian´ska1 A Magdalena Misz-Kennan1 • Justyna Ciesielczuk1
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Received: 28 February 2020 / Revised: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A self-heating intensity index (SHII) based on the highest (pixel max.) and lowest (pixel min.) values taken from satellite thermal maps of burning coal waste dumps are proposed. The index enables the classification of such fires in Ukrainian- and Polish coal waste dumps. Both in Ukraine and in Poland, varying thermal intensities during 1985–2019 are revealed, using the SHII and following thermal intensity threshold values, namely, extreme thermal activity ([ 7), advanced (3–7), moderate (3–1.5), initial (1.5–1), no activity (\ 1). The SHII shows decreasing thermal activity in the selected Ukrainian coal waste dumps during 2017–2019. It aids in reconstructing the thermal history of the dumps. Analysis of satellite images revealed a large number of burning coal waste dumps in the Donetsk Coal Basin (Ukraine) with high thermal activity. Such burning likely reflects large amounts of organic matter and sulphides in the dumped material subjected to self-heating and self-burning processes, lack of compaction of the coal waste and/or high methane contents. Comparison of SHII values calculated from satellite- and drone thermal-camera images were compared to show that SHII from drone thermal images have much higher values than those from satellite images; the former have better resolution. Thus, SHII from Landsat- and drone images should be used separately in dump heating studies. Keywords Self-heating Coal waste dump Landsat Self-heating intensity index (SHII) Drone
1 Introduction Coal mining worldwide is associated with the production of waste mostly composed of claystones, mudstones, sandstones, conglomerates, carbonates, carbonaceous shales, and pyrite-bearing carbonaceous rocks. The waste material usually contains 5%–30% of organic matter from very thin, workable or poor-quality uneconomic coal seams, rock partings, and dispersed organic particles (Skar_zyn´ska 1995). The waste material begins to weather
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00375-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. ´ da´m Na´dudvari & A [email protected] 1
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Be˛dzin´ska Street, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
immediately after deposition due to organic matter oxidation and other processes which, later, may lead to selfheating. Carbonaceous rocks are usually in thermodynamic equilibrium with their geological environment at depth. This balance is disturbed by their relocation during mining into an oxygen-rich environment. As carbonaceous matter may undergo self-heating at these conditions due to the fact that heat is not adequately
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