Climate change forces plankton species to move to get rid of extinction: mathematical modeling approach
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Climate change forces plankton species to move to get rid of extinction: mathematical modeling approach Yadigar Sekercia Department of Mathematics, Arts and Science Faculty, Amasya University, 05189 Amasya, Turkey Received: 4 October 2019 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract How species and ecosystems respond to the threatened environmental conditions are attracting phenomenon facing ecologists. One can expect species fight against these forces to get rid of extinction, i.e., species tend to adapt genetically or move to a new environment to resilience against extinction. In this paper, this problem is focused theoretically by considering a coupled of the oxygen-plankton model where planktons’ habitat changes and beachhead as a response to climate change. Hence, the dynamics of the oxygen-plankton model is considered assuming the spatial gradient of the growth rate of oxygen, in concern with altered sea surface temperature. It is observed that there exists a relationship between the slope of the gradient and the beachhead at which the oxygen-plankton system can stably survive, which can be defined by a simple function that separates the areas of extinction and persistence. Findings reveal that environmental gradient is an alternative way for species to create a new habitat and sustain the species persistence. Therefore, in this paper, it is shown that, in theory, the recovery of plankton extinction and oxygen depletion under climate change can be achieved by adding a spatial gradient.
1 Introduction Plankton have vital importance for the aquamarine life in the oceans supplying food web and producing oxygen for marine organisms, including the crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and fish. Besides, phytoplankton play a key role in consuming carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. The new discoveries about global warming raise questions about how marine ecosystems at the oceans will respond to the changing conditions. Plankton species change their living space areas like every living creature due to having a survival instincts. Plankton ecology has become a focal point of marine ecosystem functioning ecological studies [1,2]. One of the key concerns of this is that plankton is one of the most important resources to form the basis of the food chain. Its mathematical framework is required for better understanding, especially for more productive fishery [3,4] and climate modeling [5]. Mathematical modeling thus provides a powerful mechanism for displaying the dynamic properties of plankton [6–10]. A recent study by Jonkers et al. [11] has shown the effects of global warming on life in the oceans. This study suggests that global warming causes to migration of marine zooplankton
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Eur. Phys. J. Plus
(2020) 135:794
Fig. 1 The distribution of modern-day and ancient with zooplankton data used in the study shown by white dots and grey dots
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