CMOS Imagers From Phototransduction to Image Processing
The idea of writing a book on CMOS imaging has been brewing for several years. It was placed on a fast track after we agreed to organize a tutorial on CMOS sensors for the 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2004). This tutori
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CMOS Imagers From Phototransduction to Image Processing Edited by
Orly Yadid-Pecht Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel and
Ralph Etienne-Cummings Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
1-4020-7962-1 1-4020-7961-3
©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America
Visit Springer's eBookstore at: and the Springer Global Website Online at:
http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com http://www.springeronline.com
Dedication
To our loved ones.
Contents
Dedication
v
Contributing Authors
ix
Preface
xi
Introduction
xiii
1. Fundamentals of Silicon-Based Phototransduction HONGHAO JI AND PAMELA A. ABSHIRE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background physics of light sensing 1.3 Silicon-based photodetectors 1.4 Semiconductor image sensors 1.5 Information rate 1.6 Summary
1 2 8 31 39 49
2. CMOS APS MTF Modeling IGOR SHCHERBACK AND ORLY YADID-PECHT 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experimental details 2.3 Physical analysis 2.4 The unified model description 2.5 Results and discussion 2.6 Summary
53 62 63 67 68 72
viii
CMOS Imagers: From Phototransduction to Image Processing
3. Photoresponse Analysis and Pixel Shape Optimization for CMOS APS IGOR SHCHERBACK AND ORLY YADID-PECHT 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Photoresponse model 80 3.3 Comparison with experimental results 85 3.4 CMOS APS pixel photoresponse prediction for scalable CMOS technologies 88 3.5 Summary 96 4. Active Pixel Sensor Design: From Pixels to Systems ALEXANDER FISH AND ORLY YADID-PECHT 4.1 Introduction 4.2 CMOS image sensors 4.3 APS system-on-a-chip approach 4.4 Summary 5. Focal-Plane Analog Image Processing MATTHEW A. CLAPP, VIKTOR GRUEV, AND RALPH ETIENNE-CUMMINGS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Current-domain image processing: the general image processor 5.3 Voltage-domain image processing: the temporal difference imager 5.4 Mixed-mode image processing: the centroid-tracking imager 5.5 Conclusions
99 102 113 136
141 143 161 170 199
6. CMOS Imager Non-Uniformity Correction Using Floating-Gate Adaptation MARC COHEN AND GERT CAUWENBERGHS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Adaptive non-uniformity correction 6.3 Canceling gain non-uniformity 6.4 Intensity equalization 6.5 Focal plane VLSI implementation 6.6 VLSI system architecture 6.7 Experimental results 6.8 Discussion 6.9 Conclusions
203 205 207 208 210 213 213 215 219
Appendix: List of Symbols Index
223 232
Contributing Authors
Pamela A. Abshire University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Gert Cauwenberghs Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Matthew A. Clapp Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Marc Cohen University of Maryland College, Park, MD, USA Ralph Etienne-Cummings Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Alexander Fish Ben-Gur
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