CO 2 -induced heat source changes over the Tibetan Plateau in boreal summer-Part I: the total effects of increased CO 2
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CO2‑induced heat source changes over the Tibetan Plateau in boreal summer‑Part I: the total effects of increased CO2 Xia Qu1,2 · Gang Huang2,4,5 · Lihua Zhu3 Received: 16 February 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The concentration of C O2 in the atmosphere has been increasing, but its effects on the heat source (HS) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are unclear. Aimed at understanding these effects, at first, present study evaluated the CMIP5 (phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) models and found that their multi-model ensemble (MME) reproduces the spatial pattern of the HS over the TP during June–September (hereafter JJAS) in observation reasonably well. Then, we used the MME to investigate the response of the JJAS HS over the TP to increased CO2. In response to increased CO2, the JJAS HS increases significantly. In terms of the response pattern and TP-averaged results, the increase in HS is mainly contributed by the latent heating (LH), which is due to moisture increases (with the lower level stronger than the upper level) and evaporation intensification led by CO2 change. The leading two intermodel spreads feature a nearly uniform structure and a centralsoutheastern TP dipole structure, respectively, and account for half of the total intermodel variance. The latent heating is mainly responsible for the spreads. The intensified radiative cooling of the atmosphere slightly dampen the TP-averaged HS increases. Over the TP, when C O2 increases, the atmospheric column above warms. Accordingly, the net longwave radiation flux out of the atmosphere column enhances, resulting in the intensified radiative cooling over the TP. Keywords The Tibetan Plateau · Heat source · CO2 increase
1 Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05353-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xia Qu [email protected] 1
Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 9804, Beijing 100029, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3
School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
4
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
5
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Over the Eurasian continent, there is a huge plateau, the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Over TP, the air is cold and dry, and the solar radiation is strong. The surface air temperatures are around 0 °C, with values of 0.19 and − 0.08 °C over eastern and
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