Coastal Environments: Focus on Asian Regions
This book deals with the major issues being faced by the coastal population in Asia with emphasis on natural and man-made hazards, climate change impact and pressures caused by mega cities along Asian coasts. The edited book contains chapters authored by
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Coastal Environments: Focus on Asian Regions
Edited by
V. Subramanian School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India and Institute of Environmental Sciences Amity University Noida, U.P., India
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-3001-6 (HB) ISBN 978-90-481-3002-3 (e-book) Copublished by Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands with Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, 233 Spring Street, New York 10013, USA. In all other countries, except SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—sold and distributed by Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, Haberstrasse 7, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany. In SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, Mahaveer Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110 002, India. www.springer.com Cover photo: “Ocean trijunction on the tip of South Asia” Credit: Photograph taken by editor. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2012 Capital Publishing Company Chapters 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 16 have been published in the Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2010, pp. 25-38; Vol. 6, No. 3, 2009, pp. 7-12; Vol. 5, No. 2, 2008, pp. 23-29; Vol. 6, No. 2, 2009, pp. 95-100; Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009, pp. 67-80; Vol. 8, No. 1, 2011, pp. 115-122; and Vol. 7, No. 3, 2010, pp. 31-38 respectively. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in India.
Preface Today, globally approximately three billion people live within 200 kilometres of a coastline. By 2025, this figure is likely to double. Much of Asia’s rapid population and economic growth is occurring in large coastal cities that are at high risk from sea level rise and climate change. The coastline of the Asian continent is about one fourth of the coastlines of the world. In general, with the exception of India, the bulk of Asia’s population is coastal or near-coastal. Of the region’s collective population of over 3.5 billion, (60%) 2.1 billion live within 400 kilometres of Asian coast. Indonesia and Vietnam are two typical examples of Asia’s population shift from the hinterlands to coastal areas. Vietnam’s and Japan’s population is almost all coastal. The average population density in Asian coastal areas is about 80 persons per square kilometre, that is twice the world’s average population density. Thus Asian
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