Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities A Technical Input t

Developed to inform the 2013 National Climate Assessment, and a landmark study in terms of its breadth and depth of coverage and conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Global Change Research Program, Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities exam

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Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment

Edited by: Virginia Burkett Margaret Davidson

Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment

© 2012 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Reproduction of this report by electronic means for personal and noncommercial purposes ’œȱ™Ž›–’ĴŽȱŠœȱ•˜—ȱŠœȱ™›˜™Ž›ȱŠŒ”—˜ •ŽŽ–Ž—ȱ’œȱ’—Œ•žŽǯȱœŽ›œȱŠ›Žȱ›Žœ›’ŒŽȱ›˜–ȱ ™‘˜˜Œ˜™¢’—ȱ˜›ȱ–ŽŒ‘Š—’ŒŠ•ȱ›Ž™›˜žŒ’˜—ȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱŒ›ŽŠ’—ȱŽ›’ŸŠ’ŸŽȱ ˜›”œȱ˜›ȱŒ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱ ™ž›™˜œŽœȱ ’‘˜žȱ‘Žȱ ’‘˜žȱ‘Žȱ™›’˜›ȱ ›’ĴŽ—ȱ™Ž›–’œœ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™ž‹•’œ‘Ž›ǯ ȱȱ’œȱŠȱ›ŠŽ–Š›”ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ—Ž›ȱ˜›ȱŽœ˜ž›ŒŽȱŒ˜—˜–’Œœǯ Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Š—žŠŒž›Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—’ŽȱŠŽœȱ˜ȱ–Ž›’ŒŠ žŽœŽȱ’Š’˜—DZȱž›”ŽĴǰȱǯǯȱŠ—ȱŠŸ’œ˜—ǰȱǯǯȱǽœǯǾǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ˜ŠœŠ•ȱ –™ŠŒœǰȱ Š™Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱž•—Ž›Š‹’•’¢DZȱȱŽŒ‘—’ŒŠ•ȱ —™žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŘŖŗŘȱŠ’˜—Š•ȱ•’–ŠŽȱœœŽœœ–Ž—ǯȱ Cooperative Report to the 2013 National Climate Assessment, pp. 150. Keywords: Climate change, climate variability, coasts, coastal region, coastal inundation, œŽŠȬ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ›’œŽǰȱŠŠ™Š’˜—ǰȱŒ•’–ŠŽȱ›’œ”œǰȱŽ¡›Ž–ŽȱŽŸŽ—œǰȱŒ•’–ŠŽȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ’—’ŒŠ˜›œǰȱŽŒ’œ’˜—ȱ –Š”’—ǰȱŸž•—Ž›Š‹’•’¢ǰȱ–’’Š’˜—ǰȱŒ˜ŠœŠ•ȱŽŒ˜œ¢œŽ–œǰȱœŽŠȱœž›ŠŒŽȱŽ–™Ž›Šž›Žǰȱ™›ŽŒ’™’Š’˜—ǰȱ ˜ŒŽŠ—ȱ ŠŸŽœǰȱ˜ŒŽŠ—ȱŒ’›Œž•Š’˜—ȱ™ŠĴŽ›—œǰȱŒ˜ŠœŠ•ȱŽ›˜œ’˜—ǰȱ̘˜’—ǰȱœŠ• ŠŽ›ȱ’—›žœ’˜—ǰȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ vulnerability ‘’œȱŽŒ‘—’ŒŠ•ȱ —™žȱ Šœȱ™›˜žŒŽȱ‹¢ȱŠȱŽŠ–ȱ˜ȱŽ¡™Ž›œȱŠȱ‘Žȱ›ŽšžŽœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱŸ’œ˜›¢ȱ˜––’ĴŽŽǯȱ ȱ ’••ȱ‹ŽȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ˜›ȱžœŽȱŠœȱ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ‹¢ȱŠ••ȱ NCA author teams. ‘ŽȱœŒ’Ž—’ęŒȱ›Žœž•œȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—œǰȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱŠ—¢ȱŸ’Ž œȱ˜›ȱ˜™’—’˜—œȱŽ¡™›ŽœœŽȱ‘Ž›Ž’—ǰȱŠ›Žȱ ‘˜œŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠž‘˜›ǻœǼȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱ—˜ȱ—ŽŒŽœœŠ›’•¢ȱ›ŽĚŽŒȱ‘ŽȱŸ’Ž œȱ˜ȱȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŽ™Š›–Ž—ȱ˜ȱ Commerce. ŠŽȱž‹–’ĴŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱŸ’œ˜›¢ȱ˜––’ĴŽŽDZ October 12, 2012 ’˜›’Š•ȱž™™˜›DZ The Stiefel Group ŽŒ‘—’ŒŠ•ȱ —™žȱ˜˜›’—Š’—ȱŽŠȱž‘˜›ȱ˜—ŠŒȱ —˜›–Š’˜—DZ ’›’—’Šȱž›”ŽĴDZȱŸ’›’—’Šȏ‹ž›”ŽĴȓžœœǯ˜Ÿ Š›Š›ŽȱŠŸ’œ˜—DZȱ–Š›Š›ŽǯŠŸ’œ˜—ȓ—˜ŠŠǯ˜Ÿ ›˜—ȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱ –ŠŽœDZȱCourtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

About This Series This report is published as one of a series of technical inputs to the National Climate œœŽœœ–Ž—ȱǻǼȱŘŖŗřȱ›Ž™˜›ǯȱ‘Žȱȱ’œȱ‹Ž’—ȱŒ˜—žŒŽȱž—Ž›ȱ‘ŽȱŠžœ™’ŒŽœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ •˜‹Š•ȱ‘Š—ŽȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŒȱ˜ȱŗşşŖǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ›Žšž’›ŽœȱŠȱ›Ž™˜›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Žœ’Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ˜—gress every four years on the status of climate change science and impacts. The NCA informs the nation about already observed changes, the current status of the climate, and Š—’Œ’™ŠŽȱ›Ž—œȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱžž›Žǯȱ‘Žȱȱ›Ž™˜›ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ’—Ž›ŠŽœȱœŒ’Ž—’ęŒȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ›˜–ȱ–ž•’™•Žȱœ˜ž›ŒŽœȱŠ—ȱœŽŒ˜›œȱ˜ȱ‘’‘•’‘ȱ”Ž¢ȱꗍ’—œȱŠ—ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱŠ™œȱ’—ȱ ˜ž›ȱ”—˜ •ŽŽǯȱ’—’—œȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ’—™žȱ˜ȱŽŽ›Š•ȱœŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ™›’˜›’’ŽœȱŠ—ȱ Š›ŽȱžœŽȱ‹¢ȱǯǯȱŒ’’£Ž—œǰȱŒ˜––ž—’’ŽœȱŠ—ȱ‹žœ’—ŽœœŽœȱŠœȱ‘Ž¢ȱŒ›ŽŠŽȱ–˜›ŽȱœžœŠ’—Š‹•Žȱ and env