Cognitive Fatigue Effects on Physical Performance: The Role of Interoception
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CURRENT OPINION
Cognitive Fatigue Effects on Physical Performance: The Role of Interoception Terry McMorris1,2,3,4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The consensus of opinion, with regard to the effect of cognitive fatigue on subsequent physical performance, is that there is a small, negative effect, but there is no consensus regarding the mechanisms involved. When glucose levels are normal, undertaking cognitive tasks does not induce energy or neurotransmitter depletion. The adenosine hypothesis is questioned as cognitively induced increases in adenosine release are phasic and transient, while persistent effects of adenosine are tonic. Thus, the most likely explanation for a negative effect of cognitive fatigue would appear to be changes in perceptions of effort, for which there is some evidence from subjective participant feedback, while interoceptive theory would suggest a role for motivation levels. Cognitive fatigue and physical fatigue are dependent on interoceptive mechanisms, in particular the interactions between top-down predictions of effort from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the insula cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial and ventrolateral PFC, and bottom-up feedback from the lamina I spinothalamic pathway, and the vagal and glossopharyngeal medullothalamic pathway. The dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic and the locus coeruleus–noradrenaline pathways are also vital. It would appear that cognitive fatigue leads to different predictions of the expected sensory consequences of undertaking the exercise than in the control condition and there is some evidence that motivation can overcome this. Much more research, in which motivation levels are manipulated, is necessary as the effects are small and the reasons for cognitive fatigue causing changes in predictions of sensory consequences are not clear. Key Points Cognitive and physical fatigue are dependent on interoceptive mechanisms. Cognitive fatigue induces different perceptions of effort cost during subsequent physical activity. Motivation, activated by the ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus, can overcome these perceptions.
* Terry McMorris [email protected] 1
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute for Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, West Sussex, UK
2
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2ER, UK
3
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle‑upon‑Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
4
Hartlepool, UK
1 Introduction Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the effects of cognitive fatigue on subsequent physical performance have led to somewhat differing conclusions. Van Cutsem et al. [1], in a qualitative, systematic analysis, came to the conclusion that cognitive fatigue does have a significant effect on subsequent physical performance. Interestingly, they found that submaximal endurance performance was impai
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