Cognitive Reasoning A Formal Approach

Dealing with uncertainty, moving from ignorance to knowledge, is the focus of cognitive processes. Understanding these processes and modelling, designing, and building artificial cognitive systems have long been challenging research problems. This book de

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Editorial Board: A. Bundy J. G. Carbonell M. Pinkal H. Uszkoreit M. Veloso W. Wahlster M. J. Wooldridge

Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Franz Baader Wolfgang Bibel Leonard Bolc Craig Boutilier Ron Brachman Bruce G. Buchanan Anthony Cohn Artur d’Avila Garcez Luis Fari˜nas del Cerro Koichi Furukawa Georg Gottlob Patrick J. Hayes James A. Hendler Anthony Jameson Nick Jennings Aravind K. Joshi Hans Kamp Martin Kay Hiroaki Kitano Robert Kowalski Sarit Kraus Maurizio Lenzerini Hector Levesque John Lloyd

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5216

Alan Mackworth Mark Maybury Tom Mitchell Johanna D. Moore Stephen H. Muggleton Bernhard Nebel Sharon Oviatt Luis Pereira Lu Ruqian Stuart Russell Erik Sandewall Luc Steels Oliviero Stock Peter Stone Gerhard Strube Katia Sycara Milind Tambe Hidehiko Tanaka Sebastian Thrun Junichi Tsujii Kurt VanLehn Andrei Voronkov Toby Walsh Bonnie Webber

Oleg Anshakov · Tam´as Gergely

Cognitive Reasoning A Formal Approach With 6 Figures and 13 Tables

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Authors Prof. D.Sc. Oleg M. Anshakov Institute for Linguistics Intelligent Systems Department Russian State University for the Humanities 6 Miusskaya Square Moscow, 125993 Russia [email protected] Prof. D.Sc. Tam´as Gergely Applied Logic Laboratory H-1022 Budapest Hankoczy u. 7 Hungary [email protected]

Managing Editors Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Department of Computer Science King’s College London Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK Prof. Dr. J¨org Siekmann Forschungsbereich Deduktions- und Multiagentensysteme, DFKI Stuhlsatzenweg 3, Geb. 43 66123 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany

Cognitive Technologies ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-540-43058-2 e-ISBN 978-3-540-68875-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-68875-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940796 ACM Computing Classification (1998): I.2, F.4, F.1, F.2, H.1, I.1, J.4 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: K¨unkelLopka GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Understanding cognition and modelling, designing and building artificial cognitive systems are challenging and long-term resea